Numerical investigation on the dynamics of a vertical wall defenced by an offshore breakwater

The numerical and experimental investigations on the performance of an offshore-submerged breakwater in reducing the wave forces and wave run-up on vertical wall are presented. A two-dimensional finite-element model is employed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the submerged breakwater under the action of regular and random waves. The numerical prediction has been supported with experimental measurements. The wave forces and wave run-up on the vertical wall were measured for different breakwater configurations. The applicability of linear theoretical model in the prediction of wave forces on the wall by a submerged breakwater has been discussed.     

螺类牧食损害对沉水植物群落结构的调节

提要在受控实验条件下,采用实验生态学的方法,研究了螺类(椭圆萝卜螺)牧食损害对人工构建的沉水植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,螺类牧食损害降低了沉水植物的相对生长率及人工构建的群落生物量,且植物的生长率及群落的生物量与螺密度间有显著的负相关关系。牧食损害使沉水植物群落结构发生了显著变化,随着牧食强度的加大,群落中马来眼子菜与苦草的综合优势比迅速下降,而轮叶黑藻与伊乐藻则稳步上升。作者对调节沉水植物群落结构的影响因素进行了探讨,认为植物种类的生长特性使伊乐藻与轮叶黑藻在与苦草及马来眼子菜的竞争中占优势,椭圆萝卜螺的牧食损害则加速了这种优势地位的取得。     

Wave motion over a submerged breakwater with an upper horizontal porous plate and a lower horizontal solid plate

This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of a modified two-layer horizontal-plate breakwater. The breakwater consists of an upper submerged horizontal porous plate and a lower submerged horizontal solid plate. By means of the matched eigenfunction expansion method, a linear analytical solution is developed for the interaction of water waves with the structure. Then the reflection coefficient, the transmission coefficient, the energy-loss coefficient and the wave forces acting on the plates are calculated. The numerical results obtained for limiting cases are exactly the same as previous predictions for a single submerged horizontal solid plate and a single submerged horizontal porous plate. Numerical results show that with a suitable geometrical porosity of the upper plate, the uplift wave forces on both plates can be controlled at a low level. Numerical results also show that the transmission coefficient will be always small if the dimensionless plate length (plate length versus incident wavelength) exceeds a certain moderate value. This is rather significant for practical engineering, as the incident wavelength varies over a wide range in practice. Moreover, it is found that the hydrodynamic performance of the present structure may be further enhanced if the lower plate is also perforated.     

The effect of relative crest submergence on wave breaking over submerged slopes

Experiments were performed in a wave flume to measure the intensity, transmission and reflection of waves breaking over a submerged reef with an offshore gradient of 1:10. The results demonstrate that the relative water depth over the reef crest (h_c/H_o) is a dominant factor affecting the breaking characteristics. In particular it is found that as the relative crest submergence is reduced, there is a considerable increase in the intensity of wave breaking over the reef that can be quantified through measurements of the air cavity enclosed beneath the plunging jet. It is also shown that there is a corresponding decrease in wave transmission and reflection as the submergence is reduced.     

Random wave-induced onshore scour characteristics around submerged breakwaters using a stochastic method

This paper provides a stochastic method by which the two-dimensional onshore scour characteristics along the base of submerged breakwaters exposed to normally incident random waves on both sloping and horizontal sandy seabed can be derived. Here the formulas for the regular wave-induced scour characteristics provided by Young and Testik (2009) are used. These formulas are combined with describing the waves as a stationary Gaussian narrow-band random process to derive the random wave-induced onshore scour characteristics; the maximum scour depth, the scour length, and the distance of the maximum scour depth location from the onshore breakwater face. An example of calculation is also provided.     

沉积物理化性质与沉水植物鲜重、多样性指数及种的饱和度相关性

在沉水植物的生活史中,沉积物提供植物固着基质和所需的大量营养元素,对沉水植物的兴衰有长期且深远的影响.对太湖沉积物理化性质与沉水植物生物量、种的饱和度和物种多样性之间的相关关系进行研究.数据的典型相关分析表明,两组数据的第一典型相关系数为0.795,达到显著水平.最后的典型变量冗余分析显示,沉水植物指标形成的第一典型分量能解释沉积物指标变化的26.75%.但是,沉水植物指标的变化中的56.52%不能被沉积物的第一典型分量解释.沉水植物的第一典型变量对沉积物氮磷比有一定预测能力(多重相关的平方0.5258),而对含水率几乎没有预测能力(0.0280).来自沉积物的第一典型变量对沉水植物的鲜重(0.7503)、香农-威纳指数(0.4841)和种的饱和度(0.4613)都有一定预测能力.中层沉积物(5-10cm)和底层沉积物(10-15cm)理化性质与沉水植物的相关指标分析结果显示,数据之间相关性不显著.表明中下层沉积物对沉水植物影响不明显.     

沉水植物水槽对农村水体净化效果与机制的模拟

实验设计中试水槽装置,模拟研究2种沉水植物轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla nerticillata)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)对农村水体的净化效果,并探讨沉水植物在水体氮、磷去除中的作用.结果显示,沉水植物系统均能显著降低水体中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和磷酸盐浓度,去除率分别达到50.5%、84.4%、41.9%和64.6%,且轮叶黑藻组选择20 g/m2,苦草组选择40 g/m2为适种密度.水体流经各串联单元时氮、磷去除负荷存在显著差异,其中总氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐浓度在有植物单元高于无植物单元,铵态氮浓度相反,结合单元内溶解氧浓度、硝化与反硝化细菌总数表明,有植物单元可显著发生反硝化作用,无植物单元可显著发生硝化作用,有无植物串联单元更有利于氮的去除.     

Study of the dynamics of submerged supple nets (applications to trawls)

An iterative method is presented for determining the dynamic behaviour of submerged supple nets such as trawls. The flexible structure is modelised by a set of rigid bars. The junction points between the rigid elements are assumed to be rotoïdal links. The hydrodynamic forces, applied to each bar, are determined by combining and generalizing the Landweber and Morison hypothesis. All temporal derivative operators are approached by finite difference schemes. Some examples of the dynamic behaviour of a particular trawl are presented and qualitatively compared with flume tank observations.     

Evaluating the influences of harvesting activity and eutrophication on loss of aquatic vegetations in Taihu Lake,China

A rapid degradation of aquatic vegetations in Taihu Lake has roused a wide attention in recent years. Giving large-scale harvesting activity on aquatic vegetation since 2012, whether water eutrophication or the human harvest activity induced the degradation remains controversial and unclear. In this study, based on Landsat and HJ-CCD data acquired from 1984 to 2016 and a 12-year field observation (2005–2016) of water quality, a method was proposed to quantitatively assess impacts of harvesting activity and water quality change on degradations of both floating-leaved aquatic vegetation (FAV) and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Taihu Lake. First, areas of FAV and SAV covers from 1984 to 2016 in Taihu Lake were mapped using the satellite data, and then the mapped areas were modified to those on a reference date by using phenological curves of FAV and SAV covers. Next, correlations between water quality data and FAV and SAV covers were analyzed by using Pearson correlation analysis based on the data before implementing the human harvesting activity (i.e., before 2012), and multiple general linear models were established based on the selected water quality variables with p-value <0.01 for estimating covers of FAV and SAV from 2012 to 2016. Finally, based on the predicted areas of FAV and SAV covers by the models and the modified areas mapped from satellite data, the influences of water eutrophication and the human harvesting activity on the degradation of FAV and SAV covers were quantitatively assessed. The results indicated that (1) FAV cover exhibited a significant increase from 1984 to 2011 and then a rapid decrease, while SAV cover increased significantly before 2003 and then obviously declined; (2) water level (WL) and total nitrogen (TN) showed significantly negative correlations with FAV and SAV covers, while secchi disk depth (SDD) and SDD/WL had significantly positive correlations with FAV and SAV covers; (3) the human harvesting activity made a major contribution to the loss of FAV cover, and the degradation of SAV cover was mainly due to an increased lake eutrophication and deteriorated underwater light environment. The findings derived from this study could offer a guidance for Taihu Lake ecological restoration and effective management.     

Adaptive depth controller design for a submerged body moving near free surface

A submerged body that moves near a free surface needs to keep its attitude and position to accomplish its missions, which are required to validate the performance of a designed controller before sea trial. Hydrodynamic maneuvering coefficients are generally obtained by experiments or computational fluid dynamics, but these coefficients suffer from uncertainty. Environmental loads such as wave excitation, current, and suction forces act on the submerged body when it moves near the free surface. Therefore, a controller for the submerged body should be robust to parameter uncertainty and environmental loads. In this paper, six-degree-of-freedom equations of motion for the submerged body are constructed. An adaptive control method based on the neural network and proportional–integral–derivative controller is used for the depth controller. Simulations are performed under various depth and environmental conditions, and the results show the effectiveness of the designed controller.