黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）生长和锚定的沉积物条件需求初步研究

恢复沉水植被是湖泊生态修复工程中的关键环节,明确沉水植物生长和锚定的环境条件是恢复沉水植被的重要前提。本研究以湖泊生态修复常用的沉水植物黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）为例,结合文献分析、控制实验和野外调查3种方法研究了其生长和锚定的沉积物条件需求。结果表明,黑藻在沉积物有机质含量为0.16%～38.36%、密度为1.08～2.06g/cm3、含水率为19.80%～78.14%的范围内能正常生长,在沉积物有机质含量为0.64%～21.84%、密度为1.09～2.06 g/cm3、含水率为25.32%～72.06%的范围内适宜生长;在沉积物有机质含量为0.29%～18.30%、密度为1.16～2.06 g/cm3、含水率为19.80%～72.17%的范围内,黑藻植株能够稳定定植。本研究结果可为恢复黑藻提供初步的边界条件数据,也可为其它生态修复常用沉水植物的类似研究提供方法上的借鉴。     

IMPACTS OF DIMENSION AND SLOPE OF SUBMERGED SPUR DIKES ON LOCAL SCOUR PROCESSES - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

1 INTRODUCTION In alluvial streams bed scour often occurs if the sediment load is less than the transport capacity of the flow. Two types of scour are identified, namely local scour and channel bed scour. Channel bed scour can be further classified accord…     

利用耐盐沉水植物控制滨海再生水景观河道的富营养化研究

研究了由广盐性沉水植物川蔓藻(Ruppia maritima)构建的沉水植被系统对滨海再生水景观河道的富营养化控制。实验室静态试验与工程现场中试研究结果表明:由单一广盐性沉水植物川蔓藻构建的沉水植被系统对含盐量7000~13000mg/L的再生水中的氮和磷都有较高的去除率,当河道川蔓藻的生物量达4627gFw/m2时,再生水体中总氮和总磷的去除率分别达到74.6%和85.4%。出水氮磷浓度达到了《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水质》(GB/T18921-2002)的标准。泰达再生水河道中川蔓藻的生物量与河道水体中的叶绿素a存在显著的线性负相关。因此,在景观河道之前先构建一个川蔓藻沉水植被系统,对于利用再生水恢复与重建滨海湿地,并控制水体富营养化有重要作用。     

The mechanism of energy loss and transition in a flow with submerged vegetation

The mechanism of energy balance in an open-channel flow with submerged vegetation was investigated. The energy borrowed from the local flow, energy spending caused by vegetation drag and flow resistance, and energy transition along the water depth were calculated on the basis of the computational results of velocity and Reynolds stress. Further analysis showed that the energy spending in a cross-section was a maximum around the top of the vegetation, and its value decreased progressively until reaching zero at the flume bed or water surface. The energy borrowed from the local flow in the vegetated region could not provide for spending; therefore, surplus borrowed energy in the non-vegetated region was transmitted to the vegetated region. In addition, the total energy transition in the cross-section was zero; therefore, the total energy borrowed from the flow balanced the energy loss in the whole cross-section. At the same time, we found that there were three effects of vegetation on the flow: turbulence restriction due to vegetation, turbulence source due to vegetation and energy transference due to vegetation, where the second effect was the strongest one.     

Plants as river system engineers

Plants growing within river corridors both affect and respond to fluvial processes. Their above‐ground biomass modifies the flow field and retains sediment, whereas their below‐ground biomass affects the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the substrate and consequently the moisture regime and erosion susceptibility of the land surface. This paper reviews research that dates back to the 1950s on the geomorphological influence of vegetation within fluvial systems. During the late twentieth century this research was largely pursued through field observations, but during the early years of the twenty‐first century, complementary field, flume and theoretical/modelling investigations have contributed to major advances in understanding the influence of plants on fluvial systems. Flume experiments have demonstrated the fundamental role of vegetation in determining river planform, particularly transitions from multi‐ to single‐thread forms, and have provided insights into flow–vegetation–sediment feedbacks and landform building, including processes such as channel blockage and avulsion. At the same time, modellers have incorporated factors such as moisture‐dependent plant growth, canopy and root architecture and their influence on flow resistance and sediment/bank reinforcement into morphodynamic models. Meanwhile, field investigations have revealed that vegetation has a far more important and complex influence on fluvial systems than previously realized. It is now apparent that the influence of plants on river systems is significant across space scales from individual plants to entire forested river corridors. Small plant‐scale phenomena structure patch‐scale geomorphological forms and processes, and interactions between patches are almost certainly crucial to larger‐scale and longer‐term geomorphological phenomena. The influence of plants also varies continuously through time as above‐ and below‐ground biomass change within the annual growth cycle, over longer‐term growth trajectories, and in response to external drivers of change such as climatic, hydrological and fluvial fluctuations and extremes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. ¹⁵N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen.     

Fully nonlinear 3D interaction of bubble dynamics and a submerged or floating structure

This paper is concerned with the interaction of bubbles, a submerged or floating structure, and free surface waves. A three-dimensional fully nonlinear model has been developed based on the coupling of the boundary integral method (BIM) for bubble dynamics and free surface waves and the finite element method for structure deformation. The present method is well validated by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data. Three structure characteristics, including fixed, rigidly moving and flexible, are investigated separately to determine their influence on bubble dynamics. For a free-floating structure, the free surface causes not only a larger reduction in peak pressure for a rigid structure compared with a fixed body but also the modification of the bubble period and structural response. The interaction between a bubble and a flexible structure, in the absence of a free surface, is simulated. Both the rigid motion and the deformation at the local structure appear in the simulation. The effect of the structural thickness on the reduction in peak pressure is also considered.     

Nutrients and organic matter in the surface sediment of a submerged macrophyte zone in a eutrophic lake:Implications for lake management

Little is known about the distribution and risk levels of nutrients and organic matter(OM) in the surface sediment of shallow submerged macrophyte-dominated lakes. In the current study, sixty surface sediment samples were collected from Xukou Bay, a typical submerged macrophyte-dominated zone in Lake Taihu, China. A 60-day degradation experiment of Potamogeton malaianus, a dominant species in the bay,was done in the laboratory. The results demonstrated that the ranges of total nitrogen(TN) and t...     

人工湿地植物的选择

本文阐述了植物在人工湿地中的作用和选择人工湿地植物的一些原则,并分析了人工湿地在我国的应用前景.植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,不但可以去除污染物质,维持湿地环境,而且具有生态美学和经济价值;选择了人工湿地植物应考虑植物的适应性、耐污能力、净化能力、根系、经济和观赏价值以及物种间的合理搭配.最后指出,人工湿地技术在我国有广阔的应用前景.     

Static stability of submerged partial revetment structures under regular and irregular waves

Physical models of submerged partial revetment structures were built on natural beach sand with a diameter of 0.35 mm and specific gravity of 2.63. The armor units, the diameter and specific gravity of which varied in the range of 8.5–67.95 mm and 1.81–2.77 respectively, were placed only on wave breaking areas. A series of experiments has been conducted on the conditions of different armor units and different wave characteristics using regular waves and irregular waves. Based on the experimental data, the effects of wave height, wave period, diameter and specific gravity of armor units, water depth in the channel, and wave types on static damage of given structures are assessed. Some empirical formulas have been suggested through regression analysis to describe static stability and stability number of submerged partial revetment structures under pure regular waves, pure irregular waves, and regular–irregular waves. The suggested formulas compared with Van der Meer’s (1988) formulas and some differences have occurred because of differences among revetment types and test conditions; therefore, proposed formulas give reasonable results for the test conditions used.