The thin blue line: A review of shoreline dynamics across time scales and environments

A major thread of theoretical research on the response of shorelines to changing boundary conditions has adapted the moving-boundary approach from heat transfer and solidification/melting. On sufficiently short time scales, shorelines respond to changes in relative sea level in a simple, geometrically predictable way. On longer time scales, their behaviour becomes far more complex and interesting, because the surface over which the shoreline moves is itself continually modified by morphodynamics that depend sensitively on shoreline location. This makes the shoreline the archetype of moving-boundary problems in morphodynamics, and subject to potentially counterintuitive behaviours over time scales on which the sediment surface modifies itself as relative sea level changes. We review existing moving-boundary theories and propose two significant extensions to allow inclusion of first-order effects of waves and tides. First, we show how wave effects can be included via planform diffusion linked to river-mouth location, which results in shoreline smoothing during delta-lobe growth and localized transgression after channel abandonment. Tides produce a low-gradient region in which the sea and land overlap; we show how this can be treated in a moving-boundary framework by replacing the shoreline with a ‘mushy region' so that the handoff from land to water occurs over a zone rather than a line. We also propose that the moving-boundary approach can be readily generalized to other dynamic moving boundaries, such as those separating different regimes of river transport. The shoreline thus serves as a prototype for modelling dynamic facies boundaries along the whole source–sink system. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

黄河口粉质土矿物成分特征及对水动力条件响应的研究

黄河三角洲沿岸水域波浪对潮滩有强烈的扰动作用,滩面沉积物的后期改造直接由水动力条件决定。潮坪上构筑的道路与波浪传播方向近垂直,使得两侧水动力条件迥异。在道路两侧各选典型区域,取样进行X射线衍射物相分析,概略分析潮坪沉积物的矿物成分及含量对水动力条件响应而变化的一些特征,发现了强水动力环境使碎屑矿物含量增大的一些规律,此规律对于表层沉积物更为明显。     

现代黄河水下三角洲地质灾害现象的空间分布

利用浅地层剖面、旁扫声纳剖面及测深资料对现代黄河水下三角洲的地质灾害现象进行了研究,发现三角洲不同的形成时期对应发育不同的地质灾害现象:①在现行河口地区,高浓度泥沙下潜海底形成了黄河口独特的浊流现象,河口泥沙的快速堆积和欠固结导致河口三角洲叶瓣以台阶状滑塌陡坎的形式向海尖灭;②由于河口物源断绝和受到冬季北风或偏北风作用,海底滑坡、冲蚀构造等大型地质灾害现象在老河口废弃三角洲叶瓣北侧大量发育;③埕北地区与孤东地区情况较为相似,经过长时间改造之后多种灾害地质现象大量分布,且在水深5~10 m的三角洲陡坡上最为发育。     

黄河三角洲飞雁滩海岸的侵蚀与机理

飞雁滩海域是1964—1976 年黄河刁口河流路入海区域。根据地形和断面水深监测资料,阐述了该岸段流路废弃后的岸滩侵蚀特征和地貌变化。研究结果表明,刁口河流路废弃后飞雁滩海岸向海凸出的地形特征,是造成该岸段强烈侵蚀的重要原因。进一步结合波、流动力的对应分析认为,波浪以掀沙为主,潮流以输沙为主,波浪和潮流的联合作用是飞雁滩海岸侵蚀的主要动力机制,其中潮流主要通过余流携沙外输,造成近岸泥沙亏损。     

近三百年来长江口泥质区沉积环境变化及与低氧关系的初步分析

近年来全球大型河口区低氧事件频发,严重威胁环境和生态系统健康.因缺少长时间序列的观测资料,人们对历史时期河口陆架区域生态环境演化,尤其是低氧事件发生的历史认识不足.本文基于210Pb、137Cs和光释光测年技术,以长江水下三角洲现代低氧区沉积物柱状样为研究对象,通过分析沉积物的粒度参数、氧化还原敏感元素、TOC、TN和...     

Collapse capacity of soil‐structure systems under pulse‐like earthquakes

In this paper, a comprehensive study is carried out to examine the possibility of dynamic instability produced in soil‐structure systems using an ensemble of 50 pulse‐like records. A number of structural models with various vibration periods varying from 0.1 to 2 s are used in this study. The superstructure is simulated as a non‐linear SDOF oscillator with a two‐segment backbone curve having negative post‐yield stiffness. The soil is idealized based on the cone model concept widely used for practical purposes. The results of this investigation demonstrate that as the pulse period increases, the collapse relative lateral strength ratio decreases and probability of dynamic instability enhances. Moreover, soil flexibility makes the system dynamically more unstable, and as the non‐dimensional frequency increases, the collapse relative lateral strength ratio highly reduces. Additionally, the aspect ratio has insignificant effects on the collapse relative lateral strength ratio. Furthermore, comparison of the collapse relative lateral strength ratios resulting from pulse‐like motions with those obtained from studies under non‐pulse‐like motions (Miranda and Akkar; FEMA 440) for fixed‐base conditions shows that high‐velocity pulses exacerbate the dynamic instability problem and decrease the collapse relative lateral strength ratio. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

潮流沉积与环境效应——第七届国际潮流沉积学大会会议综述

潮流沉积学大会每4年举办一次,汇集了国际潮流沉积研究领域最前沿的学术成果。2008年,中国第一次成功举办第七届国际潮流沉积学大会。会议以现代和古代潮流沉积层序、潮流沉积水动力学、潮流沉积体系对全球变化的响应以及潮流沉积环境的监测和模拟为中心议题,详尽介绍了有"陆架潮流沉积地貌博物馆"之称的中国浅而宽的大陆架上的6个主要潮流沉积体系;集中关注与人类活动密切相关的潮控三角洲的发展变迁;对于潮流沉积层序的辨别和分析不仅表明了沉积的物质来源,还揭示了潮流和沉积物行为模式的动力学机制;潮流沉积的环境效应是区域性的,同时更是对于全球变化的明显响应。在此背景下,对其监测与物理、数值模拟在认识高、低纬度地区的潮流沉积体系对全球变化的响应以及极端气候事件对潮流沉积体系的改造中发挥了不可替代的作用。     

利用三维地震资料评估深水井位工程地质灾害

随着深水油气勘探开发的快速发展,因地质灾害而发生的石油钻井事故也不断增加。据统计深水钻井大约30%的花费用于解决安全事故,其中大部分用于因地质灾害而引起的安全事故。在钻探之前通过对设计井位进行井场及钻井工程地质灾害评估,找出潜在的危害钻井安全的地质因素,可以在很大程度上避免这类事故的发生。采用以油气勘探为目的的三维地震数据,经二维高分辨率处理,对尼日尔三角洲井场区及钻井过程中可能引起的工程地质灾害因素进行评估,这些因素包括海底滑坡、浅部断层、浅层气、天然气水合物、浅层高压水流、古河谷、泥穿刺与泥火山、异常高压等。研究结果表明,采用三维地震数据经二维高分辨率处理,可得到较为丰富的地质信息,可以满足深水井位对工程地质灾害评估的要求。     

长江水下三角洲现代沉积速率厘定的新途径:季节性Bio-Si记录

长江水下三角洲沉积层中高分辨生物硅(Bio-Si)曲线具有明显的波动规律,记录了该区硅藻生物量的季节性差异,据此对近14年来的沉积速率进行了估算。在1992～2005年里,该处沉积速率变化于1.2～3.4 cm/a之间,平均沉积速率2.1 cm/a,沉积速率与长江入海沙量具有较好的对应关系。研究结果表明长江水下三角洲Bio-Si沉积记录类似于季节性湖泊中的"年纹",可作为沉积速率估算的新指标。     

黄河三角洲沉积体的工程不稳定性

对多年来黄河三角洲的调查资料分析表明，三角洲的不稳定性比较突出，对海洋工程设施危害极大，主要表现晨以下几个方面：①工程软弱层是三角洲不稳定的根本因素，是形成海底刺穿、大型海底滑坡等灾害体的基础，尤其是极端条件下触发软弱层流动，所产生的大型海底滑坡带来的灾害是巨大的；②水下斜坡是三角洲上主要的工程不稳定区；③海底冲刷和年内的动力高速在海底形成的活动层对海底铺设的管线和海岸大坝构成危害；④应高度重视三