Morphodynamics of ebb-tidal deltas: a model approach

The results of 2DH numerical models of the Frisian Inlet (located in the Dutch Wadden Sea) are discussed to gain further knowledge about the physical mechanisms causing the presence of both ebb-tidal deltas and of channels and shoals in tide-dominated inlet systems. A hydrodynamic model, extended with sediment transport formulations, was used to verify earlier conceptual models that deal with ebb-tidal delta characteristics. The model does not confirm their hypothesis concerning the observed spatial asymmetry of ebb-tidal deltas and suggests that long-term morphological simulations are needed to understand this aspect. Furthermore, the model indicates that the initial formation of the ebb-tidal delta is mainly due to convergence of the tidally averaged sediment flux related to residual currents, whilst the net sediment transport in the basin is mainly caused by tidal asymmetry. A second model (accounting for feedbacks between tidal motion and the erodible bottom) was used to simulate the long-term bathymetric evolution of the Frisian Inlet under fair weather conditions. This model reproduces the gross characteristics of the observed morphology: the presence of a double-inlet system with two distinct ebb-tidal deltas having different sizes and the presence of channels and shoals. The role of the ‘Engelsmanplaat’, a consolidated shoal in the middle of the Frisian Inlet, was not found to be crucial for the morphodynamic stability of this inlet system.     

风暴浪导致的黄河口水下土体破坏试验研究

本文试验利用取自黄河水下三角洲的样品 ,重塑后铺设水槽底床进行水槽试验 ,并利用原状土进行动三轴试验 ,2种试验均测定土体内的孔隙水压力。根据各种情况下孔隙水压力的变化记录 ,表明土体破坏同时其孔隙水压力产生骤变。将本文试验结果与在黄河水下三角洲不稳定区的原位沉积动力学试验孔隙水压力测试结果对照 ,说明黄河三角洲水下斜坡某些土体的破坏 ,未出现波浪循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力积累升高所导致的土体液化破坏 ,而是风暴浪对海底的强切应力作用致使土体产生剪切破坏     

High resolution seismic profile through a Late Cenozoic delta complex in the southern North Sea

A digitally recorded and processed multichannel seismic profile between Cromer (England) and Sylt (Germany) has provided the first continuous section through the Miocene to Middle Pleistocene delta complex of the southern North Sea Basin. The profile depicts the progressive westward expansion of deltaic sedimentation that eventually filled in this gently subsiding epicontinental basin. Significant basinward shifts in seismic facies occur above all but one of 14 seismic sequence boundaries that punctuate the deposition of up to 830 m of deltaic sediments on the profile. These sequence boundaries and the morphology of prodelta, delta front, delta top and fluvio-deltaic seismic facies record the interaction between subsidence, cyclic fluctuation in sediment supply to, and cyclic change of relative sea level within the basin. Two submarine slides were developed within delta front facies in the Pliocene section and the profile has intersected a swarm of Elsterian (Middle Pleistocene) glacial palaeovalleys that have been incised into the upper part of the delta complex.     

近代黄河水下三角洲底坡土体的差异侵蚀及土工特性

近代黄河水下三角洲海底声波探测资料和土工资料揭示 :波浪、潮流在所研究区域海底沉积物中产生的差异侵蚀和不同的破坏行为受沉积物土工特性的控制。研究表明 ,粘粒含量低于10 % ,含水量在 30 %～ 4 5% ,孔隙比在 0 .8～ 1.2之间的土体抵抗破坏的能力较差 ,土体破坏形成塌陷凹坑 ;粘粒含量在 10 %～ 2 0 % ,含水量在 2 0 %～ 30 % ,孔隙比小于 0 .8的土体抵抗破坏的能力相对较强 ,被保留下来形成蚀余高地     

Morphodynamics of the barrier-inlet system, west-central Florida

The barrier-inlet system along the Gulf Coast of peninsular Florida has one of the most diverse morphologies of any barrier system in the world. The delicate balance between tidal- and wave-generated processes on this low-energy coast permits only slight changes in either of these processes to result in significant and rapidly developing morphologic responses. Some of these responses are the result of natural phenomena such as hurricanes opening tidal inlets, closure of inlets due to longshore transport of sediment, and changes in the availability of sediment. Tidal prism is the primary factor in controlling inlet morphology and is greatly influenced by anthropogenic activities in the backbarrier area. Human activity has also modified the coast in many ways over the past several decades, beginning with the construction of the first causeways in the 1920s. The various modifications by development have resulted in important morphodynamic changes in the barrier-inlet system. These include hardening the coast on the beach and at inlets, dredging and filling in backbarrier environments, and construction of fill-type causeways connecting the islands to the mainland. Construction of seawalls and jetties has inhibited normal coastal processes. Examples include the downdrift erosion at Blind Pass and Big Sarasota Pass. Construction of fill-type causeways between the barriers and the mainland has created artificial tidal divides that reduce the tidal prism at some inlets, thereby resulting in instability or closure such as Blind Pass and Dunedin Pass. This is further exacerbated by dredge and fill construction that reduces tidal prism by reducing the area of open water in the backbarrier. Dredging of the Intracoastal Waterway also results in a negative impact on selected inlets by channeling tidal flux away from some inlets. Impacts of these changes inhibit the barrier/inlet environments from responding to open coast processes.     

黄河断流对黄河三角洲生态环境的影响

介绍了黄河断流的特点和原因，分析了黄河断流的变化趋势及断流在黄河三角洲地区造成的影响，指出断流不仅加重三角洲地区今后防洪的负担，而且对三角洲环境变化将产生重大影响，研究表明，黄河断流的原因是多方面的，流域降雨量的减少，水土保持减水是黄河流域水资源不足的主要原因；但人为用水如城乡工农业用水和居民生活用水量增加加剧了黄河的断流；人为引水过程中的水资源不合理利用乃至严重浪费，流域引水管理混乱，水资源统一调配的机构和机制不健全，缺乏具体有效的控制引水措施和手段是导致近年来黄河断流加剧的根源，黄河断流对三角液地区的生态环境影响是严重的而且涉及到多个方面，包括造成了三角液地区水资源的极度匮乏，影响三角洲地区水质质量，造成地下水质恶化，区域植被生态系统良性循环变差，陆区农业及海区渔业生态系统失调，湿地生态系统退化，生物多样性减少等多方面的影响。     

现代长江、黄河河口水下三角洲 不稳定性的对比研究

现代长江口、黄河口水下三角洲地区的海底上发育有大量规模形态各异的不稳定性现象。其中沙波和浅埋的生物气体是长江口水下三角洲发育的主要形态，而滑坡和一些冲蚀结构则是黄河口水下三角洲的主要类型；它们在分布上也有较大的差异，长江水下三角洲主要呈垂直岸线分布，而在黄河水下三角洲则表现为平行岸线分布；分析认为这些现象与其河口的沉积环境和动力机制密切相关。     

辽河三角洲潮道软土及其工程灾害研究

辽河三角洲潮道沉积物为软弱淤泥质土，管桩在波流荷载作用下的弹性变形或振动，可以导致潮道软土强度衰减并发生变形位移，随着悬臂段加长和波流荷载振动作用，下部扮土会自上而下发生液化。简单管桩的抗倾验算可以按照波流力与被动土压力的作用力矩分析，并考虑到海底的冲刷淘空深度。管桩打入下卧高强度粉土时，在保证打入深度的同时，应适当增大管桩的强度，加大管桩自振周期与波浪周期的差值。     

长江水下三角洲表层沉积物稀土元素特征

长江水下三角洲表层沉积物稀土元素的含量约为160×10-6,重稀土元素的含量约为42×10-6,稀土元素总量约为202×10-6,轻稀土元素的含量约为重稀土元素含量的4倍。现代三角洲的前缘斜坡轻稀土元素、重稀土元素、稀土元素总量依次大于前三角洲、现代三角洲向晚更新世三角洲过渡区及晚更新世三角洲区。三角洲不同区域稀土元素的分布模式相同,均呈现Eu的负异常,δEu介于0.64~0.70之间,平均0.67,在河海相互作用下,随着河流动力的减弱和海洋动力的加强,Eu的负异常加大。南支外Ce的异常与河口锋带有关,晚更新世三角洲Ce的异常与台湾暖流有关。轻稀土元素在现代三角洲前缘斜坡较富集,而重稀土元素在前三角洲区富集,REE在沉积物中的解吸或部分溶解过程是控制长江水下三角洲表层沉积物稀土元素分布特征的主要因素。长江水下三角洲表层沉积的REE受到粒径和盐度的双重控制。     

黄河三角洲整体冲淤平衡及其地质意义

海岸侵蚀、三角洲面积减小已成为世界上关注的热点问题。三角洲造陆的趋势及速度制约着三角洲地区经济的持续发展和生态环境的演变。本文以1976、1986、、992、1996－1998年黄河三角洲卫星遥感照片及海区水深等实测资料为依据，通过其高潮线的对比分析，研究整个黄河三角洲面积变化的趋势。结果表明，黄河三角洲在整体淤进的同时伴随着蚀退，三角洲的造陆面积呈逐渐减小的趋势。通过对1950－1998年黄河利津站实测来水来沙资料的分析，发现近年来水沙呈递减趋势，这可能是三角洲造陆面积减小的重要原因。研究了黄河三角洲造陆面积与流域来水来沙的关系，从而得出当来沙量为2．45亿t/a时，三角洲面积整体趋于不冲不淤的平衡。若来水来沙量继续减少，黄河三角洲将走向全面蚀退，趋于消亡。