Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a sediment core from the Pearl River Estuary, South China

Owing to the hydrodynamic and sedimentation conditions, the western shoal of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) is known to be an important sink of terrestrial substances including particle-associated pollutants from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. In this study, we report the sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the 20(th) century in a sediment core from the western shoal of the PRE. The summation PAH concentration ranged from 59 ng g(-1) to 330 ng g(-1) in the core with two distinct peaks. An initial increase of summation PAH concentration was found around the 1860s. The amounts of PAHs remained relatively constant for roughly 100 years, followed by the first peak in the 1950s. Then, there was a decrease in PAH concentration and flux in the 1960s and 1970s. A sharp increase of PAH concentration was observed in the early 1980s with a maximum concentration in the 1990s. The PAH diagnostic ratios indicated that the PAHs in the sediment core were mainly of pyrolytic origin, and that atmospheric deposition and land runoff may serve as the important pathways for PAHs input to the sediment. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used as an index of socioeconomic development in the PRD region, which was correlated positively with the changes of PAH concentration and flux in the sediment core. The rapid increase in vehicle numbers and energy consumption in the region in the last two decades may have contributed to the rapid PAH increase since the early 1980s. The results clearly elucidated the impact of regional economic development on the estuarine environment.     

东营三角洲沙河街组三段中亚段地层格架初步研究及油气勘探意义

对于横向沉积为主的地层,三维地震资料在建立井间对比关系方面具有重要的作用。依据三维地震资料和钻井资料的综合解释,较好地确立了东营凹陷东部沙三中东营三角洲的高分辨率地层格架。东营三角洲沙三中层序是由沉积控制的等时地层单元,由下部较薄的加积单元和上部较厚的进积单元组成。通过对三角洲前缘中厚层泥岩的研究,高位体系域中可以识别出 6个准层序,每个准层序表现为前积叠置的、代表着一个或多个三角洲朵状体组成的层组。东营三角洲层序极不对称的垂向地层关系主要与在多级层序格架中的位置和控制层序及其体系域形成的主要因素-亦即沉积物供应量的变化有关,"敞流"湖盆的背景及相对稳定的缓坡构造活动条件扩大了沉积作用对地层结构的影响。同样,高位体系域形成时期高频的沉积物供应变化是准层序形成的主要原因。东营三角洲沙三中等时地层格架的探讨对古代湖盆三角洲的研究,及伴生的浊积岩岩性油气藏的预测、描述和勘探都具有重要的意义     

Shallow resistivity measurement for cathodic protection of pipelines in the Niger Delta

The variation in the geo-electric resistivity of the superficial soils across the Niger Delta was investigated by running profiles spanning over 350 km and covering all the geomorphic zones of the Niger Delta, using a Schlumberger electrode configuration. The results indicate characteristic resistivity ranges. The spatial variation in resistivity was explained by differences in topographic elevation, depth to water table, soil type, and water quality. Based on the soil resistivities in the various geomorphic zones, the corrosivity of the soils were determined and methods of cathodic protection prescribed. A north–south traverse will generally experience a decreasing soil resistivity that is truncated at the beach ridges.     

Evolution diagénétique dans la craie pélagique dolomitisée du crétacé supérieur du bassin de Paris (région de Provins, France)

Two deep scientific boreholes, named Poigny 701 and Sainte-Colombe 702, located in the Paris Basin near Provins (Seine-et-Marne, France), recovered a complete Upper Cretaceous chalk succession. A correlation between the boreholes lithostratigraphy, reflexion seismic profiles and diagenetic patterns shows that major velocity variations measured in the seismic reflection profiles correspond to dolomitized chalk intervals. Dolomitisations occurred during early and burial diagenesis. The understanding of these complex diagenetic events has an important economic consequence on the static correction of the chalk formation in the Paris Basin. Optimisation of petroleum prospecting below chalk cover is thus possible. The chalk series of the 701 and 702 boreholes range from the Cenomanian to the upper Campanian. In this succession, micrite has a primarily biogenic origin; it consists of pelagic organisms, indicative of warm seawater with values around 25°C. Several hiatuses occur in the 701 borehole. These hiatuses indicate the existence of particular hydrodynamic conditions. Deep-water channels were locally recognised in the Paris Basin as in Normandy and Picardy. In the 702 borehole, massive dolomitisation affected the upper meters of sediment below the sea floor. This early phase of massive dolomitisation was induced by slow circulation of a magnesium-rich seawater mass, along the seawater/sediment interface. Thus, this area was a zone of intense marine circulation between the North-West infralittoral and the South-West bathyal domains, across the London-Paris Basin. Magnesium-rich seawater had as origin the recrystallisation of the biogenic peri-plateform carbonates. During both dolomitisation and dissolution of the calcite matrix of the massive dolomite, the calcite had cemented chalk around the massive dolomite body. After deposition, the chalk series was progressively compacted and lithified by burial calcite cement. During the late Campanian-Maastrichtian, the burial compaction of the chalk and thermal gradient reached their maximum, as compressive stresses from the Pyrenean orogenesis affected the Paris Basin. At this time, compaction of the massive dolomite induced the expulsion of magnesian-rich fluids into the underlying already compacted chalk series. In 702 borehole, a diffuse dolomitisation then affected strongly underlying the chalk series. In 701 borehole, this diffuse dolomitisation affected slightly the lower half of the chalk series. Laterally, dolomitisation decreases gradually and affected a only smaller thickness of the chalk series, disappearing laterally. During the progressive emergence of the Paris Basin, from the Paleogene to the Quaternary, the chalk series were partially invaded by continental fresh water. Thus partial dedolomitisation affected the massive dolomite, whereas total dedolomitisation affected only the upper first meters of it.Manuscrit reçu le 20 juin 2003 Révision acceptée le 9 septembre 2004     

扇三角洲高精度层序地层及其与油气聚集关系——以东营凹陷胜北断层下降盘坨76块为例

本文通过地质、地震、测井等资料,对东营凹陷胜北断层下降盘坨76块沙四上亚段扇三角洲沉积体层序地层单元进行了精确划分对比,将其划分为4个准层序、18个层组和29个单层。在扇三角洲沉积体系中,准层序及层组边界在地层记录中的表现形式随地理位置而变化;在完全由一种相构成的准层序、层组基准面旋回中,孔隙度和渗透率是A/S值变化的函数,在准层序及层组内部随A/S的变化,储层物性及其含油饱和度呈现一定的变化规律。     

The effects of differential subsidence and coastal topography on high-order transgressive-regressive cycles: Pliocene nearshore deposits of the Val d'Orcia Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy

This study focuses on the lowstand and early transgressive systems tracts of a basin-fill sequence of lower Pliocene nearshore deposits in the Val d'Orcia Basin of the Northern Apennines, Italy. The basin at that time was a semi-enclosed marine embayment, and, in the study area, its margin was subject to highly variable subsidence along the depositional strike, attributed to a decrease in tectonic displacement. The nearshore succession in the more rapidly-subsiding segment of the basin is around 20 m thick, comprising three storeys of laterally-stacked Gilbert-type delta lobes overlain by a shoal-water delta, whereas the nearshore succession in the adjacent, more slowly-subsiding segment, is up to 9 m thick. This succession is characterised by alternation of shoreface and offshore deposits, moderately wave-worked and covered by shoal-water deltaic facies.These coeval nearshore successions consist of several transgressive-regressive cyclothems. The development and lateral variation of the cyclothems was controlled by the local subsidence rate and coastal topographic gradient. Some of the cyclothems are considered to be higher-order sequences and others to be parasequences, with the former passing laterally into the latter in the area where the sea-level fall was countered by fast local subsidence. Some of the bounding surfaces are of limited lateral extent, with two parasequences passing laterally into a single one.Coastal topography controlled particularly the thickness of transgressive deposits. In the low-gradient setting of a delta plain, the relative sea-level rises caused major landward shifts of the shoreline and reduced fluvial sediment supply, with the formation of a transgressive lag in sediment-starved conditions. In the high-gradient coastal setting of the non-deltaic zone, the shoreline shift was minimal and had relatively little impact on local sediment supply, which promoted an accretionary transgression.At the end of the lowstand stage, the rate of sediment accumulation in the non-deltaic nearshore zone was lower, allowing the onset of subsequent transgression to be recorded considerably earlier than in the deltaic nearshore zone. This diachroneity suggests that facies criteria alone may not necessarily be a reliable basis for the recognition of systems tract boundaries.     

基于遥感与GIS的辽河三角洲湿地资源变化及驱动力分析

以1986 年和2000 年遥感影像为基本信息源，在GIS 技术支持下,建立湿地空间数据库，分析15 a来研究区湿地资源的时空变 化特征及驱动力。结果表明，水稻田和虾蟹池面积大量增加，空间分布趋于集中化；  沼泽地和滩涂面积不断萎缩，面积大减，破碎 化程度日益严重； 人口压力、传统工农业生产和经营方式及人们对经济利益追求是湿地资源变化的重要原因。     

Forced vibration testing of buildings using the linear shaker seismic simulation (LSSS) testing method

This paper describes the development and numerical verification of a test method to realistically simulate the seismic structural response of full‐scale buildings. The result is a new field testing procedure referred to as the linear shaker seismic simulation (LSSS) testing method. This test method uses a linear shaker system in which a mass mounted on the structure is commanded a specified acceleration time history, which in turn induces inertial forces in the structure. The inertia force of the moving mass is transferred as dynamic force excitation to the structure. The key issues associated with the LSSS method are (1) determining for a given ground motion displacement, x_g, a linear shaker motion which induces a structural response that matches as closely as possible the response of the building if it had been excited at its base by x_g (i.e. the motion transformation problem) and (2) correcting the linear shaker motion from Step (1) to compensate for control–structure interaction effects associated with the fact that linear shaker systems cannot impart perfectly to the structure the specified forcing functions (i.e. the CSI problem). The motion transformation problem is solved using filters that modify x_g both in the frequency domain using building transfer functions and in the time domain using a least squares approximation. The CSI problem, which is most important near the modal frequencies of the structural system, is solved for the example of a linear shaker system that is part of the NEES@UCLA equipment site. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

箕状湖盆萎缩阶段两种湖泊三角洲的沉积特征及成因探讨--以平庄、铁法盆地为例

以平庄、铁法盆地为例，首先阐述了箕状湖盆萎缩阶段的河口坝型湖泊三角洲发育于盆缘断裂一侧的扇前河流入湖的湖缘带，具有与海岸河控三角洲相似的沉积特征；Gilbert 型湖泊三角洲发育于沉积-侵蚀盆缘一侧河流入湖的湖缘带，具有由底积层、前积层、顶积层构成的垂向层序及朵状平面砂体形态，它与扇体没有成因联系和空间上的毗邻关系。在此基础上，论述了这两种湖泊三角洲形成的地质背景，并对它们的发育条件及进积方式等成因问题进行了较深入的探讨。     

沉积喷流型矿化的岩石学证据——以大兴安岭南段黄岗和大井矿床为例

沉积喷流型矿床往往有各种喷流岩（热水沉积岩）的共生，正确识别这些喷流岩经常能为认识矿床的成因提供关键证据。大兴安岭南段是我国北方著名的锡－多金属成矿区，燕山期火山－侵入岩广泛出露，因此认为区内矿床大都是与燕山期岩浆活动有关的热液矿床。但是，区内近90％的矿床却产在二叠纪地层中，显示了与二叠纪沉积地层的密切联系。本文以其中的黄岗铁－锡矿床和大井锡－多金属矿床为例，对与矿石密切共生的热水沉积岩开展了系统的地质学、岩相学、矿物学和组构学研究，并结合必要的地球化学数据，证明大兴安岭南段在二叠纪沉积盆地演化过程中可能普经有重要的水下热液沉积喷流成矿作用发生，尽管历来被人们所忽视，但其重要性可能并不亚于燕山期的岩浆热液成矿作用。黄岗矿床的层状矽卡岩与二叠纪海底火山活动关系密切，是一种很具特色的喷流岩；而被误认为是燕山期流纹斑岩的大井矿床菱铁织云硅质岩可能是一种产在陆相断陷盆地、与锡铜铅锌银多金属矿化有关的新类型热水沉积岩。显然，与热水沉积喷流矿床紧密共生的热水沉积岩是认识该类矿床至为重要的岩石学证据之一。