关于印度洋地震海啸紧急救援的两个问题

海退是海浪剧变的重要信号,发生海退现象之后,应当立即撤离沿海,跑到高地上去,才能避免人员的重大伤亡。红树林在印度洋地震海啸中起到减缓作用。红树林生态系统是生产率最高的海洋四大自然生态系统之一,是国际上生物多样性保护和湿地保护对象,被誉为“地球的肾”。在全球红树林锐减的情况下,广西防城港红树林项目的启动是被全球环境基金会称为典范。     

东营三角洲-浊积扇高频层序叠加样式与岩性圈闭

东营三角洲砂体及与之伴生的各类浊积扇体是东营凹陷沙河街组三段重要的储油砂体。以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,分析基准面旋回变化对三角洲发育演化的控制作用,将三角洲发育过程中的高频层序叠加样式划分为3种类型。通过分析短期基准面的升降变化对与三角洲有关的岩性圈闭形成与分布的影响,指出短期基准面上升期形成的坡移浊积扇圈闭厚度大,分布广,储集物性好,是三角洲发育区岩性油藏勘探的主要目标。该类扇体的分布主要受基准面旋回变化、同生断裂及沉积古地貌等因素所控制,垂向上主要位于中期基准面由下降到上升的转换位置,平面上主要分布于同生断层下降盘及其之间的古地貌低洼处。     

长江三角洲地区晚更新世晚期(硬粘土层)的孢粉组合特征及环境分析

利用长江三角洲地区晚第四纪沉积10多口钻井的孢粉、藻类资料,在以往较少见到化石的晚更新世晚期的硬粘土沉积中找到了能明确指示古环境的孢粉、藻类化石,发现了两种不同的孢粉组合,一种是以环纹藻Concentricystes占优势的孢粉组合,另一种是以陆生植物Pinus-Cupressaceae-Picea-Abies-Quercus(deciduous)-Gramineae占优势的孢粉组合,证实了该层硬粘土形成期间曾经历滞水和水退的环境交替过程。     

河口三角洲元素含量与矿产资源--以湘资沅澧为例

基于在研究前人洞庭湖冲积平原区土壤测量资料时发现湘江、资水、沅江、澧水河口三角洲土壤中有明显的成矿元素聚集,且成矿元素的种类、含量与流域内的矿产种类、储量大小密切相关等的资料,以及6年来已经在湘江流域发现了一处巨型锡矿,铜、金矿勘查取得了重大进展的成果,对湘江、资水、沅江、澧水的三角洲及洞庭湖平原长江沉积物中的元素含量做进一步的预测研究。研究结果表明:1)用河口三角洲沉积物中的元素含量减去背景值后的值与汇水盆地面积、厚度及岩石密度相乘的乘积可以大致预测数万平方公里流域内的矿产储量;2)将沉积物厚度分别规定为1.5m,2m,3m和5m,可大致体现不同地质工作程度所取得的储量;3)6年来锡储量的增加完全证实了预测的一定可靠性;4)利用湘江、资水、沅江、澧水河口三角洲元素含量预测上游流域内矿产储量的可行性,大胆探索了利用洞庭湖沉积物中成矿元素含量预测长江上游100余万平方公里汇水流域内的矿产储量。2004年谢学锦院士与挪威的J.Bogen和R.Ottesen开始酝酿一个全球大科学计划“沿世界主要河流的全球地球化学填图”。计划在世界主要大江大河及其支流的河口共采集2000～2500个组合样,分析其中71～76种元素及一些有机物的含量,用以迅速评估全球矿产资源潜力与环境现状。文章认为,     

大长江三角洲旅游区域协作研究

大长江三角洲地区旅游资源丰富,旅游产品多样：但是,由于旅游缺乏区域协作,制约了该区旅游业的快速发展。文章通过对旅游资源、旅游产品基础、旅游协作的可能性与可行性以及区域旅游协作存在的问题分析,提出了促进区域旅游协作的对策和建议。     

饶阳凹陷沙河街组辫状河三角洲沉积特征及储集性

饶阳凹陷沙河街组主要为砾岩、含砾砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩构成的一套碎屑岩组合,根据沉积特征将其确定为辫状河三角洲沉积.该沉积三层结构清楚,由下而上出现前辫状河三角洲亚相、辫状河三角洲前缘亚相及辫状河三角洲平原亚相,呈明显的进积层序,主要发育辫状河道、洪泛平原、水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、河口坝和席状砂等沉积微相.据其岩性、沉积构造、粒度及沉积序列等特征,建立了沉积模式.从岩性特征看,沙河街组辫状河三角洲沉积物具有分布较广、储集物性较好的特点,辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体和河口坝砂体储集物性最好,是下一步勘探的有利目标.     

松辽盆地齐家北地区下白垩统泉头组泉四段沉积微相特征

笔者通过大量的岩心观察、测井及录井资料的研究,结合粒度分析,对齐家北地区泉四段沉积特征进行了系统的分析,共识别出三角洲平原和三角洲前缘两个亚相和水上分流河道、天然堤、分流河道间湾、水下分流河道、水下分流河道间湾、河口坝、远砂坝等7个微相。通过对研究区内泉四段7个含油小层的平面展布特征及沉积演化规律的深入研究,并结合泉四段砂体的含油气性分布特征综合分析研究表明：研究区油气分布明显受控于沉积微相的展布;水下分流河道由于具油源近、储集物性较好而成为最有利的油气聚集相带;河口坝、水上分流河道是油气富集的较有利相带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地神木地区下二叠统太原组浅水三角洲沉积特征

鄂尔多斯盆地神木地区太原组是在北隆南倾的古地形背景下形成的以浅水三角洲为主的充填沉积。携带沉积物的河流进入海水后,由于河水与海水之间存在着较大的密度差异、侧向扩散较少,其三角洲前缘沿着海底继续向前快速推进,使水下分流河道延伸较远。研究区地形坡度平缓、水体浅,三角洲平原向前推进并进一步降低了地形坡度,从而减弱了携带沉积物的流体的动能,使得大部分沉积物在三角洲平原的分流河道中沉积下来。同时因水体浅,河口坝、席状砂等前缘沉积物常遭受进积的水下分流河道的冲刷和侵蚀而难以保存。研究区三角洲平原分流河道沉积极为发育,前三角洲相对不发育,三角洲前缘也以水下分流河道沉积为主。分流河道、水下分流河道常对下伏沉积物强烈冲刷,切割先期的沉积物乃至包括海相沉积物在内的深水沉积物。在三角洲废弃期,三角洲前缘沉积物常被潮汐作用改造。三角洲平原分流河道及三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体呈带状分布,是天然气勘探的有利目标。     

Autocyclic behaviour of fan deltas: an analogue experimental study

Fan deltas are excellent recorders of fan‐building processes because of their high sedimentation rate, particularly in tectonically active settings. Although previous research focuses mainly on allogenic controls, there is clear evidence for autogenically produced storage and release of sediment by flume and numerical modelling that demands further definition of characteristics and significance of autogenically forced facies and stratigraphy. Analogue experiments were performed on fan deltas with constant extrinsic variables (discharge, sediment supply, sea‐level and basin relief) to demonstrate that fan‐delta evolution consists of prominent cyclic alternations of channellized flow and sheet flow. The channellized flow is initiated by slope‐induced scouring and subsequent headward erosion to form a channel that connected with the valley, while the removed sediment is deposited in a rapidly prograding delta lobe. The resulting decrease in channel gradient causes a reduction in flow strength, mouth‐bar formation, flow bifurcation and progressive backfilling of the channel. In the final stage of channel filling, sheet flow coexists for a while with channellized flow (semi‐confined flow), although in cycle 1 this phase of semi‐confined flow was absent. Subsequent autocyclic incisions are very similar in morphology and gradient. However, they erode deeper into the delta plain and, as a result, take more time to backfill. The duration of the semi‐confined flow increases with each subsequent cycle. During the period of sheet flow, the delta plain aggrades up to the ‘critical’ gradient required for the initiation of autocyclic incision. This critical gradient is dependent on the sediment transport capacity, defined by the input conditions. These autogenic cycles of erosion and aggradation confirm earlier findings that storage and release of sediment and associated slope variation play an important role in fan‐delta evolution. The erosional surfaces produced by the autocyclic incisions are well‐preserved by the backfilling process in the deposits of the fan deltas. These erosional surfaces can easily be misinterpreted as climate, sea‐level or tectonically produced bounding surfaces.     

An experimental investigation of gravity-driven shale tectonics in progradational delta

Many deltas exhibit gravitational deformation of their sedimentary cover. In these systems, the décollement layers do not always consist of rock salt but sometimes of overpressured shale. Unlike salt, the efficiency of detachment in shale depends on the magnitude of fluid overpressures and it varies through time and space, as rapid sedimentary burial progrades into deeper water. As a result, the gravity deformational domains are progressively translated seaward. Sandbox models involving high air pore pressures were used to simulate such gravity-driven shale tectonics in prograding deltas. Models were built with sand of various permeabilities and air was injected to simulate the mechanical effects of fluid overpressure. Our apparatus for the injection of air allowed us to control subsurface pressures in space and time during the experiments, and it was used to simulate the advance of the front of the overpressured domain during the sedimentary progradation. In our models, sand kept obeying a frictional behavior, for medium to high pore pressures, and the detachment appeared as very thin shear bands. Compressional belts that formed during the experiment were dominated by asymmetric basinward-verging fore-thrusts, as is often observed in deep-water, shale-detached foldbelts. Where the value of fluid pressures approached that of the lithostatic stress, sand was fluidized, resulting in ductile strains analogous to what occurs in highly overpressured mobile shale. During progradation, ancient buried thrustbelts were reactivated, thereby controlling later extension. During the experiments, sand volcanoes, analogous to mud volcanoes, formed in relation with tectonic structures. Some of them developed near normal faults but many of them formed directly above old buried thrusts.