利用次网格技术模拟华东地区大气硫氮沉降

采用数值模拟方法,在区域酸性沉降模式系统中引入次网格处理技术。通过4种次网格方案模拟结果的相互比较,选择最优方案,然后利用最优次网格方案,选取华东地区为例,进一步模拟研究大气硫氮沉降的空间分布。结果表明,就干沉积速率而言,以细网格方案(水平分辨率25 km)为参照,采用次网格方案比粗网格方案(水平分辨率75 km)有明显改进,其中“次网格风速与摩擦速度之积为常数”为最优次网格方案。华东地区硫的年总沉降量是1.92 mt(1 mt=106ton),氮的年总沉降量是0.65mt。华东地区硫化物(SO2、硫酸盐SO42-)干沉降量占总沉降量的49%,氮化物(NO、NO2、硝酸盐NO3-)干沉降量占总沉降量的80%,可见干沉降在大气沉降中具有重要地位。华东地区总的大气硫、氮沉降量中,70%以上到达有植被覆盖的土壤生态系统,这将对农田、草地和森林的硫素和氮素平衡有重要影响。此外,华东部分地区的硫沉降已经超过了临界负荷,而氮沉降尚未出现超临界负荷的现象。     

GRAPES全球模式次网格对流过程对云预报的影响研究

50 km分辨率下的GRAPES全球模式对赤道及低纬度地区云水、云冰、云量和格点降水的预报较实际观测偏少。为解决这一问题,在模式原有的格点尺度云方案基础上,将次网格对流过程的影响作为源汇项,加入到云水、云冰和总云量的预报方程中。结合云和地球辐射能量系统(CERES)与热带降雨测量(TRMM)等卫星云观测资料,进行了改进后的云方案与原云方案预报结果的对比分析。结果显示,考虑了对流对格点尺度云含水量和云量预报的影响后,GRAPES全球模式预报的云和格点降水在赤道及低纬度地区有明显改善,水凝物含水量和总云量的预报结果与实况较为接近,格点降水在总降水中的比例由原来的5%提高到25%。研究进一步表明,次网格对流过程对格点尺度云和降水的影响取决于上升气流质量通量的分布和强度,上升气流的质量通量在对流活动强烈的低纬度热带地区较强,其最大值出现在650—450 hPa高度,因此,次网格对流的卷出过程对中云的影响最为明显。对高云和低云也有一定程度的影响,使云顶变高,云底变低。     

The Navier–Stokes-α equations revisited

The Navier–Stokes-α equation is a regularised form of the Euler equation that has been employed in representing the sub-grid scales in large-eddy simulations. Determined efforts have been made to place it on a secure deductive foundation. This requires two steps to be completed. The first is fundamental and consists of establishing from the equations governing the fluid flow, a relationship between two velocities called by Holm (Chaos, 2002a, 12, 518) the “filtered” and “unfiltered” velocities. The second consists of the relation between these two velocities. Until now, the preferred route to the first objective has been variational, by varying the action using Hamilton's principle. Soward and Roberts (J. Fluid Mech., 2008, 604, 297) followed that variational route and established the existence of an important but unwelcome term omitted by Holm in his derivation. It is shown here that the Soward and Roberts result may be derived from Euler's equation by a direct approach with considerably greater efficiency. Holm achieved the second objective by making a “Taylor hypothesis”, which we use here to evaluate the unwelcome term missing from his analysis of the first step. The resulting model equations differ from those of Holm's α model, and the attractive mean Kelvin's circulation theorem that follows from his α equations is no longer valid. For that reason, we call the term omitted by Holm unwelcome.     

Numerical study on the flow characteristics of tidal jets induced by a tidal-jet-generator

The flow characteristics of tidal jets induced by a Tidal-Jet Generator (TJG) are investigated using a finite-difference numerical scheme, named Navier–Stokes (NS)–Marker and Cell (MAC)-TIDE, based on the fully 3D NS equations. The TJG is an enclosed rectangular breakwater, which has vertical opening and a large enclosed volume inside. During both phases of tide, strong and uni-directional jets can be obtained locally from the inlet of the TJG, due to the water level difference between the inner and outer sides of TJG.The computed results are extensively compared with three other independently developed numerical models; 3D-ADI, DVM, and CIP-CSF. These models are based on quasi-3D, 2D depth-averaged, and fully 3D NS equations, respectively. It is seen that the present fully 3D numerical model NS–MAC-TIDE can predict the maximum intensity of inlet velocity with higher accuracy than the other numerical models when compared with the empirical function proposed from the experiments. The numerical simulations based on NS–MAC-TIDE can reproduce successfully the processes of generation, development, and dissipation of tidal jets. The effects of gap opening on the main characteristics of the tidal jet flow are assessed. Through numerical assessment, it is also clearly demonstrated that the residual time of a pollutant distributed around the front of the TJG can be decreased by significant amount due to the locally induced tidal jet. The TJG can thus utilize tidal energy for water purification in local marine environment by providing a flushing mechanism.     

基于变换光学有限差分探地雷达数值模拟研究

在采用有限差分方法开展探地雷达复杂目标体精细结构模拟时,为了提高计算精度,常采用非均匀网格对目标区域划分小尺寸的网格,以压制离散网格频散现象和保证有限差分方法的稳定性.常规非均匀网格和自适应亚网格技术在网格剖分数量和粗细网格边界处理上难以达到计算效率和计算精度的均衡.本文根据隐形斗篷(invisible cloak)理论,将基于变换光学(Transformation optics)理论应用于有限差分探地雷达数值计算中.该理论的主要思想是基于目标参数变化而保持电磁场的传播不变性,在坐标变换后,Maxwell方程的形式可以维持不变,而使得相对介电常数与磁导率的表达式变得复杂.通过这种方式可以虚拟地扩大目标体所占的网格节点数,减少背景介质区域的网格数,不增加模型空间的网格总数.另外,这种网格划分方式不但提高了计算效率,同时也可以克服亚网格技术边界反射误差的影响.本文推导实现了基于变换光学的二维有限差分方法,通过典型探地雷达模型测试,对比分析了该方法与常规有限差分、变网格有限差分和自适应亚网格有限差分的优缺点.计算结果验证了基于变换光学的有限差分可用于探地雷达目标精细结构模拟,具有较高的计算精度和计算效率.