准噶尔盆地北三台凸起构造演化与油气成藏

准噶尔盆地东部北三台凸起属于残余古凸起,东西分离阜康与吉木萨尔凹陷,南北分割沙帐断褶带与阜康断裂带,构造位置特殊; 其形成演化经历晚海西、印支、燕山及喜马拉雅4次大的构造运动,整体表现为东北断隆,向西倾没,围绕凸起形成了较为复杂的断裂系统; 深层石炭系-三叠系断裂发育(逆断裂),浅层侏罗系-白垩系主体继承(正断裂),具有形成早,结束晚的特点。受东西、东北向断裂切割,北三台凸起呈现两个凸起构造带、两个斜坡构造带和6个断裂构造带组合特征。中晚燕山期,收博格达山前凹陷转化成增生楔向北逆冲,构造载荷增大,影响北三台北断裂大幅度逆冲,导致北三台凸起强烈隆升并最终定型。自二叠纪-侏罗纪凸起核部向北迁移,地层由阜康凹陷向凸起方向上超,逐层减薄。在南北向挤压应力作用下,由侏罗纪早期开始,凸起核部逐渐迁移至北三台。在其构造演化过程中与二叠系主力烃源岩层形成与烃演化匹配的良好关系,一直是阜康凹陷生成油气的汇聚方向,在凸起构造不断抬升,高部位地层遭受剥蚀,油气藏遭受破坏的同时,油气仍然向其不断补充,油气供给较为充足,保障了凸起带、断裂带、斜坡区各构造的油气充注,构造低部位的鼻凸带、断裂带下盘、斜坡区三叠系与中下侏罗统保存完整的部位,早期形成的油气藏仍能够得到良好保存; 形成围绕北三台凸起"秃顶"的复式油气聚集,并以中小型规模油气藏为主,油气藏按局部构造带有规律展布; 斜坡区侏罗-三叠与深层二叠-石炭系应是主要勘探方向。     

云南勐海班丙金矿Ⅱ_1矿体地质

Ⅱ1金矿体赋存于上元古界澜沧江群惠民组上段断层破碎带中,微粒金为主,硅化蚀变。强烈风化形成较深氧化带,属火山喷发期后中低温热液—表层强氧化型金矿。     

基于监控量测的公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例

依托垫江至邻水高速公路铜锣山及明月山隧道,对公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例进行研究。通过围岩压力实测值与普氏理论、太沙基理论和公路隧道设计规范深埋围岩压力公式计算值进行对比,结果表明: Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩压力计算值比较符合实测情况。通过对围岩压力、初期支护与二次衬砌的接触压力现场量测数据进行分析,得出Ⅲ级( 深埋) 、Ⅳ级( 深埋) 、Ⅴ级( 深埋) 和Ⅴ 级( 浅埋) 围岩二次衬砌受力分担比例分别为29. 20%、35. 28%、41. 38% 及32. 17%。研究成果对于公路隧道结构设计有着理论指导作用。     

柴达木盆地英东地区地质综合评价及勘探目标优选

通过对柴达木盆地英东地区构造断裂特征、烃源岩条件、沉积储层的地层发育特征、生储盖组合等地质条件综合分析、评价认为:英东地区油砂山、英东一号构造等中浅层圈闭落实,油源充足且具有良好的生储盖组合。同时砂33、砂34井试油已获得油气流,说明油气层有东扩的趋势。因此通过目标优选评价认为该区具有良好的勘探前景,目前通过砂37、40井等井钻探已发现英东一号油气田。     

钢纤维混凝土隧道衬砌力学行为模型试验研究

文章通过相似模型试验,研究了钢纤维混凝土材料应用于隧道支护结构的力学行为。试验通过千斤顶逐级加载的方式,得到支护结构整个力学行为过程中与围岩之间的接触压力、变形发展规律及其裂后承载能力。通过与传统素混凝土支护结构相比,钢纤维混凝土具有良好的承载和变形能力,是一种理想的柔性支护材料。     

龙门山断裂带的分段性特征——来自密集震源机制解的约束

龙门山断裂带沿倾向和走向具有明显的分带性和分段性特征,通常以4条主干断裂为界将龙门山断裂带自西向东分为5条构造带,但是对沿走向的分段性特征仍未达成共识.本文利用四川区域地震台网记录的汶川地震后近10年的波形数据,采用全波形反演获取了龙门山断裂带1495个M≥3的震源机制解.通过“滑动窗”扫描方法提取不同地震类型的数量沿龙门山断裂带走向的变化曲线,据此将龙门山断裂带的震源区划分为S1—S9段.根据反演的震源机制解,进一步采用阻尼线性反演技术求取龙门山断裂带高分辨率的构造应力场信息,从地震类型、断面结构和构造应力场等角度探讨龙门山断裂带的分段性特征.结果表明:(1)地震类型存在明显的分段性特征.其中S1的逆冲型地震比例最高,S8的走滑型地震比例最高,S9的正断型地震比例最高.汶川地震后龙门山断裂带可能存在差异性断层调整运动,且余震晚期沿断裂带走向普遍存在应力的补充和协调,芦山地震的发生可能还对S2造成了应力扰动.汶川主震附近及余震区远端经历了更长的震后调整过程,且余震区远端S9具有更复杂、强度更高的震后调整过程.(2)断面结构存在明显的分段性特征.断面结构揭示汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂,以及虎牙断裂南端参与了汶川余震活动.断面倾角与走滑分量具有较好的一致性,在具有明显逆冲分量的分段断面倾角主要分布在50°~70°,而在具有明显走滑分量的分段断面倾角基本在60°以上,且断面倾角增大与汶川余震带宽度收缩变窄相吻合.(3)龙门山断裂带的应力环境非常复杂.σ1方向的分段性差异导致了汶川—芦山地震空区的地壳撕裂和地幔物质上涌、汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂活动以及虎牙断裂南端大量的逆冲型地震.结合构造应力场与大地测量资料认为,龙门山的隆升主要是受构造应力场作用下的上地壳缩短增厚所致.     

吉林省南部荒沟山地区老岭群珍珠门组构造样式及其控矿

吉林省南部荒沟山地区的珍珠门组可以分为:(1) 条带状大理岩;(2) 厚层状大理岩两个岩性段。变形分析表明它至少经历了三期变形,其中第二期变形对本区构造格架影响甚小。第三期北北东向直立褶皱叠加在第一期北北西向平卧褶皱之上形成的异轴异面褶皱叠加型式是本区的特征性构造样式。荒沟山铅锌矿与朝鲜检德铅锌矿类似,并且处于同一早元古代活动带内。朝鲜检德铅锌矿主要控矿构造是第一期褶皱转折端,因此荒沟山地区第一期褶皱转折端也应是寻找检德型大型铅锌矿的有利部位,本文提出了第一期褶皱转折端的可能部位,即寻找大型铅锌矿的有利部位。     

Differences in paleomagnetic interpretations due to the choice of statistical, demagnetization and correction techniques: Kapuskasing Structural Zone, northern Ontario, Canada

The Kapuskasing Structural Zone (KSZ) reveals a section through the Archean lower crustal granoblastic gneisses. Our new paleomagnetic data largely agree with previous work but we show that interpretations vary according to the choices of statistical, demagnetization and field-correction techniques. First, where the orientation distribution of characteristic remanence directions on the sphere is not symmetrically circular, the commonly used statistical model is invalid [Fisher, R.A., Proc. R. Soc. A217 (1953) 295]. Any tendency to form an elliptical distribution indicates that the sample is drawn from a Bingham-type population [Bingham, C., 1964. Distributions on the sphere and on the projective plane. PhD thesis, Yale University]. Fisher and Bingham statistics produce different confidence estimates from the same data and the traditionally defined mean vector may differ from the maximum eigenvector of an orthorhombic Bingham distribution. It seems prudent to apply both models wherever a non-Fisher population is suspected and that may be appropriate in any tectonized rocks. Non-Fisher populations require larger sample sizes so that focussing on individual sites may not be the most effective policy in tectonized rocks. More dispersed sampling across tectonic structures may be more productive. Second, from the same specimens, mean vectors isolated by thermal and alternating field (AF) demagnetization differ. Which treatment gives more meaningful results is difficult to decipher, especially in metamorphic rocks where the history of the magnetic minerals is not easily related to the ages of tectonic and petrological events. In this study, thermal demagnetization gave lower inclinations for paleomagnetic vectors and thus more distant paleopoles. Third, of more parochial significance, tilt corrections may be unnecessary in the KSZ because magnetic fabrics and thrust ramp are constant in orientation to the depth at which they level off, at approximately 15-km depth. With Archean geothermal gradients, primary remanences were blocked after the foliation was tilted to rise on the thrust ramp. Therefore, the rocks were probably magnetized in their present orientation; tilting largely or entirely predates magnetization.     

辽宁营口—盖县地区早元古代辽河群构造世代

营口—盖县地区早元古代辽河群经历了三个世代的构造变形。第一世代为枢纽近南北向的具轴面片理的平卧层理褶皱;第二世代为与第一世代近共轴的具轴面褶劈理的近水平直立片理褶皱;第三世代则为东西向的倾竖片理褶皱。     

Scenarios of land-use change in Sudano-sahelian countries of Africa to better understand driving forces

Dynamic simulation models allow an integrated representation of human and biophysical driving forces, to test their influence on land use. Dynamic models emphasise the interactions among the components of the system and take into account feedback loops and threshold effects. In this paper, the SALU model was used to generate “what-if” scenarios to explore hypotheses on the relative role of driving forces of land-use change in the Sudano-sahelian countries of Africa. The model simulations provided useful insights to better understand the processes of land-use change. Rural population growth represents a larger stimuli for land-use change than urban population growth. Demographic variables have a greater impact on land use than recurring droughts. The demographic driving forces are slow variables while rainfall is a fast variable. Recurring droughts could be viewed as trigger events, and urban population growth and consumption as mediating factors, while rural population growth defines long-term trends. Technological change defines thresholds in land use. Land-use change results from interactions between driving forces. The timing of occurrence of drought with respect to transitions in land use has a major impact on land-use change. Polices aimed at protecting pastoral land and supporting agricultural intensification both contribute to maintain pastoral activities. Simulating a conservative carrying capacity has a major impact on land use predictions. By examining environmental, social and economic implications of various land-use scenarios, the modelling approach adopted in SALU can provide support for decision-making.