Brittle rotational faults and the associated shear heating

Brittle faulting-related shear heating is important in petroleum geosciences, tectonics and seismic studies. Temporal variation of shear heat related temperature rise for rotational and roto-translational faults are investigated in this work. For planar fault planes, devoid of gouge and any secondary faulting, temperature rise is proportional to the coefficient of friction, and rate of (angular) slip. Tectonically realistic physical parameters for rotational faults, especially prolonged faulting, can significantly increase temperature by shear heating at shallow crustal depth, capable of thermal maturity of hydrocarbons.     

断裂对碳酸盐岩地层储集空间的影响——以塔里木盆地轮古东地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层为例

轮古东地区主要发育两期断裂,断裂使碳酸盐岩地层形成了以大型溶洞占主导,网状构造裂缝和孔洞相辅的溶洞裂缝储集空间体系。早期断裂主要控制了瘤状灰岩尖灭线西北的潜山高地岩溶,形成深切峡谷式沟壑相连的古地貌,流体溶蚀裂缝形成溶洞为主的储集空间。晚期断裂一方面形成新的储集空间并将早期形成的未充填或半充填的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞沟通;另一方面,为大气淡水进入下部岩层提供了通道,形成在奥陶系下部地层发育的水平潜流带和深部缓流带岩溶体系。此外,火山热液沿两期断裂进入碳酸盐岩地层,对通道附近的碳酸盐岩产生显著的溶蚀,主导了深部的岩溶作用。     

准噶尔盆地新生代构造应力对石炭纪火山岩构造裂缝发育的控制

构造裂缝的发育对改善储层的储渗条件有着重要的作用,特别是火山岩这种非传统储层,构造裂缝的发育是其成为有效储层的必要条件。本文主要借助构造应力场有限元数值模拟这一成熟的方法对准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩构造裂缝的发育状况进行预测。其两个主要的步骤是首先对区域构造应力场进行模拟计算,然后结合岩石的强度指标判断构造裂缝的发育状况。通过对准噶尔盆地地质背景和构造演化的分析,明确了新生代构造应力场的的决定性作用和石炭纪火山岩的分布区域(划分出六个区域),建立了数值模拟的计算模型、确定了边界条件与载荷。通过二维有限元数值模拟(应用Ansys软件)得到了新生代盆地应力场的分布特征和应力值。结合岩石强度指标,对火山岩构造裂缝(张裂缝和剪裂缝)的发育进行了预测并圈出相应的区域,主要为盆地西北缘、中央坳陷中部、滴西1东部,彩参2周缘、大井-将军庙等地区,对石炭纪火山岩的油气勘探战略选区, 优化勘探部署具有重要指导意义。     

云南镇沅外樟盆金成矿地质及地球化学特征

金矿受北西—南东向构造破碎蚀变带控制的中低温热液型。提出岩石、构造、蚀变、化探找矿标志。     

软弱结构面表面形态与充填度的力学特性研究

结构面的表面形貌是一个复杂的研究对象,但其对结构面的力学性质有着重要作用。目前关于软弱结构面非充分充填状态研究很少。在分析了结构面的起伏形态后,借助摩擦学理论对充填软弱物质的结构面力学性质进行了分析。同时研究了地下水和泥膜等对结构面强度的污染效应。通过与试验资料的对比,得到研究成果有其合理性。     

黄土损伤与流变耦合模型及参数研究

以试验为基础,对不同含水量Q3黄土的蠕变特征进行了分析研究,结合黄土结构损伤特性及其对黄土力学特征影响,通过考虑结构损伤对变形模量的劣化来反映黄土结构性对蠕变规律的影响,提出了黄土损伤与流变耦合作用的本构模型。该模型不仅具有参数少的优点,而且能够准确描述黄土的突发性破坏特征。利用结构性软土流变的研究成果,给出了黄土流变模型参数的确定方法,并对模型参数随非饱和黄土含水量变化的规律进行了研究。数值模拟结果表明,该模型能够很好地描述黄土的加速蠕变阶段的变形特征。     

海河平原北部地区水土地质环境研究中的若干问题

海河平原北部地区属于半干旱自然地理环境且仍在干化,自山前至滨海的山麓堆积-河流沉积-海陆交互沉积序列的平原地貌地质环境,土壤地球化学环境以高Ca、Mg、F,低Se、Mo、I和弱碱性为特征且正在经历酸化过程,潜水环境以淡水-微咸水-弱碱性为特征且有碱化的趋势。人为作用与自然作用一起构成了本区水土地质环境演化的双重驱动力,但在表现形式和区域分布方面驱动强度存在明显的差异性,土壤环境质量良好但潜水环境质量较差且均在恶化。     

基坑工程监测过程分析

高层建筑如雨后春笋般从各个城市拔地而起,随之而生的地下工程:基坑、隧道等数量迅速激增.本文以连云港绿地观湖一号小区高层基坑工程监测为实例,对基坑工程监测过程进行分析和探讨,以便更好地保障基坑施工安全,为同类工程提供参考.     

北京城市湿地时空演变及驱动力定量分析(英文)

The decision tree and the threshold methods have been adopted to delineate boundaries and features of water bodies from LANDSAT images. After a spatial overlay analysis and using a remote sensing technique and the wetland inventory data in Beijing, the water bodies were visually classified into different types of urban wetlands, and data on the urban wetlands of Beijing in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007 were obtained. Thirteen driving factors that affect wetland change were selected, and gray correlation analysis was employed to calculate the correlation between each driving factor and the total area of urban wetlands. Then, six major driving factors were selected based on the correlation coefficient, and the contribution rates of these six driving factors to the area change of various urban wetlands were calculated based on canonical correlation analysis. After that, this research analyzed the relationship and mechanism between the main driving factors and various types of wetlands. Five conclusions can be drawn. (1) The total area of surface water bodies in Beijing increased from 1986 to 1996, and gradually decreased from 1996 to 2007. (2) The areas of the river wetlands, water storage areas and pool and culture areas gradually decreased, and its variation tendency is consistent with that of the total area of wetlands. The area of the mining water areas and wastewater treatment plants slightly increased. (3) The six factors of driving forces are the annual rainfall, the evaporation, the quantity of inflow water, the volume of groundwater available, the urbanization rate and the daily average discharge of wastewater are the main factors affecting changes in the wetland areas, and they correlate well with the total area of wetlands. (4) The hydrologic indicators of water resources such as the quantity of inflow water and the volume of groundwater are the most important and direct driving forces that affect the change of the wetland area. These factors have a combined contribution rate of 43.94%. (5) Climate factors such as rainfall and evaporation are external factors that affect the changes in wetland area, and they have a contribution rate of 36.54%. (6) Human activities such as the urbanization rate and the daily average quantity of waste-water are major artificial driving factors. They have an influence rate of 19.52%.     

Structural controls on hydrothermal alteration and gold–antimony mineralisation in the Hillgrove area,NSW, Australia

The Hillgrove gold–antimony deposit is hosted in late Palaeozoic, biotite-grade metasedimentary rocks and Permo-Carboniferous granitoid intrusions of the New England Orogen. Mineralisation occurred at a range of structural levels during rapid uplift in the orogen at 255–245 Ma. Hydrothermal fluids were controlled by extensional faults in a regional-scale sinistral strike-slip fault system. Principal faults in this system were developed in, and possibly evolved from, mylonite zones which were active during Late Permian tectonics. Earliest mineralisation formed scheelite-bearing quartz veins, and these were followed by auriferous arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz–carbonate veins with minor base metal sulphides. This latter type was accompanied by sericitisation and carbonation of the host rock, with addition of sulphur, arsenic and gold, in zones up to 20 m from veins. Quartz–stibnite veins with electrum, gold, aurostibite, and arsenopyrite form a prominent and economically important hydrothermal type, with little wall-rock alteration but extensive hydrothermal breccia formation and local open-space filling textures. Below a mining depth of 300–500 m, this type passes over a short distance downwards into stibnite-poor gold-bearing veins. Late-stage carbonate–stibnite veins with gold and silver sulphosalts cut all earlier veins, and have open-space filling textures. Aspects of the Hillgrove deposit have similarities to many other orogenic gold deposits in the SW Pacific which have been formed at different structural levels. Hillgrove is distinctive in having evidence for mineralisation at this wide range of structural levels in the one deposit, formed progressively during syn-orogenic uplift. Editorial handling: N. White