Entrainment threshold of cohesionless sediment grains under steady flow of air and water

Existing formulations for bed sediment entrainment under steady flow are incapable of explaining two well-documented observational facts: (i) water flow requires considerably higher dimensionless shear stresses to move the bed grains than air flow; and (ii) under open channel flow, steep granular beds are more stable than beds with milder slopes. These two facts, together with recent direct measurements of forces acting on bed grains giving time-mean negative drags ( Schmeeckle et al. , 2007 ), question the conventional models of forces used so far. Here, fluid forces acting on bed particles are treated in a new way in order to take into consideration the fundamental interference effects, thus obtaining appropriate magnitude estimates that exhibit good agreement with direct force measurements by Schmeeckle et al. (2007) . Impulsive pressure fluctuations generated by turbulence are shown to be capable of dislodging the bed grains by saltation under air flow, whereas they can only produce a rocking effect under water flow, thus explaining the first anomaly. On the other hand, previous work by the authors allows a direct estimate of space averaged time-mean drag and lift forces exerted on bed grains. Both components have the same order of magnitude but, contrary to the common belief, the mean lift is downward, which provides an explanation for the second anomaly. Finally, spatial disturbances of pressure, both positive and negative, appear to generate maximum, persistent, local forces considerably greater than mean forces, thus allowing an explanation for the observed negative time-mean drag. A new formula for predicting incipient motion of sediment under open channel flow is derived, which incorporates all dynamically significant effects and gives very good agreement with observation for the entire range of bed slopes.     

既有铁路曲线整正平差算法

在研究铁路线形特点和曲线整正原则的基础上,探讨以既有铁路线实测坐标为观测值,运用最小二乘平差方法进行曲线整正计算的方法.首先讨论铁路曲线平差的数学模型,然后给出曲线整正平差算法中拨距量计算的有关算式并对两则算例进行分析.结果表明这种平差算法不仅能够满足曲线整正计算的各项原则和技术要求,而且计算方便,精度高于传统方法.     

深埋隧洞力学响应监测与测试设计的思考

深埋隧洞工程越来越多,但相关工程经验积累不足,设计和计算方法远未成熟,深埋隧洞工程设计和施工安全控制需要大量现场监测和测试数据的支撑,而现有的监测和测试设计方法均针对浅埋工程的特点提出,在深埋隧洞施工过程中应用时遭遇到极大挑战。为此,首先依据现场揭露现象和多种先进观测技术获得的成果,分析了深埋硬岩隧洞施工期围岩的开挖力学响应特征和运行期衬砌的力学响应特征,剖析了现今主流观测方法存在的问题,提出了6条关于深埋隧洞典型断面监测和测试设计的建议,为促进此类工程相关设计方法的完善提供参考。     

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力比例的研究

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力的评价方法是隧道工程技术的重要研究课题之一。依托某新建铁路隧道工程,提出了一种基于监测位移反分析评价围岩和支护应力,进而计算初期支护和衬砌背后压力的方法。根据监测位移和衬砌施作时间,确定初期支护的已发生变形和剩余变形。通过有限元反分析求出与已发生变形和剩余变形相对应的围岩和支护应力,得到初期支护和衬砌背后压力。对比初期支护背后压力及衬砌背后压力的现场监测和反分析的计算结果,两者比较一致,说明了该方法的可行性。该新建隧道初期支护闭合95 d后施作衬砌,计算得到衬砌背后压力约0.04～0.06 MPa,衬砌分担围岩压力比例约13%～16%。研究成果对复合式衬砌结构的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

Numerical simulation of dynamic response around shield tunnel in the soft soil area

When a subway train moves through a tunnel, vibrations are generated and transmitted to soils around the tunnel and adjacent structures. Subway train operation has an impact on the shield tunnel lining and the soils around tunnel, especially soft soils that are mostly marine sediments having poor engineering properties. An elastoplastic dynamic finite difference model was built by considering the hysteretic behavior of these marine soft soils and the interaction between the soils and the tunnel to study their dynamic response. Elastic and plastic constitutive models were adopted for tunnel lining and soft soils, respectively. Hysteretic damping was obtained with the Hardin–Drnevich model to reflect the hysteretic behavior of soil under the dynamic load. There are two peaks of the cumulative vertical displacement within 2?s of train moving and it reaches a dynamic balance after 2?s. The soil layers below the shield tunnel are under the compression and the soil layers above the tunnel are in the extrusion state, and turn to uplift. Maximum bending moment and shear forces of lining vary and appear at different places. A parametric study indicates that the speed of train and the interface have an impact on the dynamic behavior of soft soils.     

柴北缘二郎洞地区L 构造岩变形特征及其地质意义

柴北缘二郎洞地区出露包含早古生代岩石组合的达肯大坂岩群,其构造变形期次和变形时代研究接近空白, 本文首次在其中发现了面理微弱, 而拉伸线理十分发育的L 构造岩,对其详细的构造解析对认识柴北缘构造演化具有重要意义。二郎洞达肯大坂岩群存在两期构造变形作用（D₁、D₂）,D₁ 期变形表现为兼具逆冲分量的左旋走滑剪切,D₂ 期变形表现为兼具正断性质的右旋走滑剪切。D₁ 期变形产生LS 构造岩和L 构造岩。其中L 构造岩中矿物拉伸线理的倾伏向约为142°,与柴北缘造山带延伸方向一致,倾伏角一般在2°～54°。对L 构造岩以及侵入其中的未变形次安山岩进行LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年,获得它们的结晶时间分别为457 Ma 和406 Ma,L 构造的变形时代可能介于457～406 Ma 之间。根据长石、石英等矿物的变形形式,估计L 构造岩的变形温度在380 ℃～420 ℃之间, 应形成于地下13～14 km 深处。在构造特征分析和岩相学研究的基础上,结合柴北缘早古生代岩浆活动时代构架,我们认为二郎洞地区L 和LS 构造岩的原岩可能是原特提斯洋向北俯冲增生过程中形成的早古生代弧花岗岩,由于柴达木-东昆仑板块和祁连陆块之间的斜向碰撞,导致局部地区出现挤压并沿造山带延伸方向走滑活动。在走滑剪切作用下使地壳流变层中的弧岩浆岩体向地表挤出,局部成分相对均匀的花岗质岩石,因具有较强的岩石力学性能而形成了L构造岩。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地泥收缩构造发育特征及对沉积的控制

泥收缩构造是发育在尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区的典型构造样式,属重力滑脱冲断构造,主要构造类型有冲断裂、塑性泥构造及相关褶皱和正断裂。基于地震地质解释,结合构造发育史分析,认为泥收缩构造主要受塑性泥构造控制,在中新世托尔托纳(Tortonian)晚期开始活动,中新世墨西拿期(Messinian)—上新世赞克勒期(Zanclean)达到最强,之后构造活动逐渐减弱,但至今仍在活动。通过古构造恢复,结合沉积展布分析,认为中新世托尔托纳晚期沉积开始受构造活动控制,托尔托纳阶上部及以上地层具有明显的同沉积特征,泥收缩构造相关的冲断裂上升盘厚度明显小于下降盘厚度,褶皱两翼的地层厚度明显厚于中间背斜顶部的地层厚度。     

Finite element models to represent seismic activity of the Indian plate

Quantification of seismic activity is one of the most challenging problems faced by earthquake engineers in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Currently, this problem has been attempted using empirical approaches which are based on the regional earthquake recurrence relations from the available earthquake catalogue. However, at a specified site of engineering interest, these empirical models are associated with large number of uncertainties due to lack of sufficient data. Due to these uncertainties, engineers need to develop mechanistic models to quantify seismic activity. A wide range of techniques for modeling continental plates provides useful insights on the mechanics of plates and their seismic activity. Among the different continental plates, the Indian plate experiences diffused seismicity. In India, although Himalaya is regarded as a plate boundary and active region, the seismicity database indicates that there are other regions in the Indian shield reporting sporadic seismic activity. It is expected that mechanistic models of Indian plate, based on finite element method, simulate stress fields that quantify the seismic potential of active regions in India. This article explores the development of a finite element model for Indian plate by observing the simulated stress field for various boundary conditions, geological and rheological conditions. The study observes that the magnitude and direction of stresses in the plate is sensitive to these conditions. The numerical analysis of the models shows that the simulated stress field represents the active seismic zones in India.     

Geophysical lineaments of Western Ghats and adjoining coastal areas of central Kerala,southern India and their temporal development

A family of geophysical lineaments have been identified in ~15,000 km~2 in central Kerala between9 30'N to 10 45'N and 76 00'E to 77°30′E,integrating geophysical data with geological and geomorphological features. The characteristics of these lineaments in the magnetic and gravity fields and their derivatives have been analysed. The evolution of the lineaments has been traced to the temporal phases of global evolution of the region. A group of these faults have formed by reactivation of the deep-seated distensional fractures associated with and accompanying dyke emplacements during the episodic breakup of Gondwana at ~90 and 65 Ma under distinctive mantle thermal regimes. It is possible that reactivation of these distensional faults may have started during the cooling interval of time between the two distensions in the 90 and 65 Ma and post 65 Ma periods and later in the Cenozoic, when the lineaments were enlarged to their present dimension, possibly under the influence of forces that led to the uplift of the western Ghats. These may extend down to the crust-mantle interface. A cluster of youngergeophysical lineaments has been generated by reactivation along the weak planes of transformation of the charnockitic rocks of the Precambrian. They seem to have a strike-slip character. They are devoid of any dyke association and were formed on a cold crust. They may be confined to the upper-middle crust.They were generated in the high intensity intra-plate palaeo-stress fields of the triple forces arising from(1) the back-thrust from the Himalayan Collision;(2) the impact of epeirogenic forces and related isostatic uplift of the Western Ghats and(3) the flexural isostatic uplifts due to surface loads of late Mesozoic basaltic lavas and Cenozoic sedimentation in the coastal rifted basins in late Cenozoic, probably in the time span of 20 Ma to the present, when the palaeostress fields were most intense.     

乌鲁木齐地区N倾断层系的构造特征

乌鲁木齐地区发育有5条N倾的断层,这些断层晚更新世以来均有较为明显的活动迹象,并在地表形成了较为显著的构造标志。通过沿断层大比例尺地质地貌填图、探槽开挖和年代测定,较为准确地获得了断层的最新活动时代、运动性质和特征等问题,并确定出这些断层都是在距今20万年~30万年以来快速翘升形成的。结合深地震反射资料,对乌鲁木齐地区的深部结构进行了分析讨论,从而对N倾断层系的深部构造特征也有了更加清晰的认识,为准确评价这些断层的孕震模式和发震能力提供了可靠的依据。