Analysis of damage data of low-rise buildings subjected to a shallow Mw6.3 earthquake

In May 2008 a shallow M_w6.3 earthquake struck South Iceland with an epicentre close to two small towns. Nearly 5000 low-rise residential buildings were affected. The recorded maximum PGA was 0.88 g. A great deal of damage occurred, but there was no loss of life. In Iceland all buildings are registered in a detailed official database and insurance against natural disasters is obligatory. As the repair costs for every affected building had to be assessed for insurance purposes this provided an unusual opportunity to review structural performance across the whole population of buildings in the affected area. The estimated repair cost was classified in a number of subcategories covering structural and non-structural damage for five different residential building typologies. Study of these buildings showed that non-structural damage dominated the overall damage. The main monetary damage was cosmetic damage of partition walls and flooring. The structural systems performed quite well and no buildings collapsed.     

近海复杂环境下的H-M-T受荷桩内力位移分析

为探讨近海复杂恶劣环境（台风超强风力、车辆冲击力或地震产生的复杂力等）下水平力H、弯矩M及扭矩T共同作用时的基桩桩身内力变形特性,基于传统有限杆单元法思想,获得了H-M-T受荷桩的基本单元刚度矩阵。然后,基于m法考虑桩周地基土的侧向约束作用,并计入H-M-T耦合效应,采用凝聚方法导得了具有简洁统一形式的桩身杆单元刚度矩阵,由此建立水平力、弯矩和扭矩组合作用下的桩身内力位移有限杆单元法计算模型,进而采用MATLAB编制出相应的分析计算程序。最后,结合近海工程算例进行了分析。结果表明：1文中提出的改进有限杆单元法能考虑桩周地基土的分层特性、不同边界条件及H-M-T的耦合效应;2相比单一考虑水平受荷,扭矩的存在加大了桩身的位移和内力;3H-M-T复杂受荷模式下,荷载传递存在有效传递深度,当相对深度z/L超过0.5后,桩身弯矩和剪力趋近于零,而扭矩显著减小。     

盾构隧道实测土压力分布规律及影响因素研究

以大量现场实测土压力为基础,分析了影响盾构隧道衬砌土压力的一些主要因素,总结出不同地层地铁盾构隧道长期稳定土压力的分布规律,并探讨了盾构施工期土压力随时空的变化情况。研究得出,地下水位高低对稳定土压力大小及分布影响较大;作用在管片上的长期土压力大小与地层衬砌刚度系数有关,当地层衬砌刚度系数为1.5时,管片竖向及水平土压力都较小;盾构施工期临时荷载对管片土压力影响不可忽视,无论是黏土地层还是砂土地层,大的注浆压力及注浆率将导致作用在管片上的稳定土压力分布不均;管片土压力可按时空分为4个阶段,拼装阶段、同步注浆阶段、浆液凝固阶段及后期稳定阶段,其中同步注浆阶段管片周边最大土压力为稳定阶段的2～3倍。     

地铁拱顶衬砌上方土体中的隐患的探查

地铁开挖和衬砌之后衬砌背后的空区和因其未填实而导致土层破坏,破坏产生的土体松散甚至发展到地面,是影响地面交通和建筑物安全的重大隐患。地铁开挖时,掌子面前方的岩土分界线、含水层的预报,是保证施工安全的重要工作。笔者采用陆地声纳法进行探查工作,取得了直观的效果。在北京通州地铁6号线穿过京哈（北京-哈尔滨）铁路下方的剖面和沿隧道拱顶正上方设置的长60 m的剖面上,可以看到有3处长2 m左右的空区,上方土体已发生松动。在南京4号线某段沿隧道拱顶顶正上方的一条剖面上50 m长度内就发现了9处衬砌背后空区及土体松动区,都诱发了上方土体的松动,松动埋深为8 m,其中有5处土体松动已达到沥青路面下。开挖时出现坍方的一段剖面,虽然坍体仅达地面下约4 m的黏土层,但坍体旁的土体已松动达到沥青路面之下。     

Variscan stress regime rotation: Insights from the analysis of kink folds in the northern margin of the Bohemian Massif,South Poland

We aimed to determine variations in stress regimes during the youngest Variscan deformations in the northern part of the Bohemian Massif. For this purpose, we calculated the orientation of the principal stress and strain axes for kink folds observed in the metamorphic envelope of the Karkonosze Granite, using two methods: 1) the traditional method, incorporating structural diagrams (for conjugate kink folds only), and 2) butterfly diagram analysis. The use of both methods enabled us to determine the stress regime, based not only on conjugate but also on monoclinal kink bands. The obtained results prove that butterfly diagram analysis, when applied to monoclinal kink folds, yields reliable results, especially when calibrated using the internal friction angle (Ф) calculated for the conjugate structures.We identified two generations of kink folds: 1) an older one, developed under sublatitudinal shortening and most probably related to the Early Carboniferous terminal stages of the northwest-directed thrusting of the metamorphic units, and 2) a younger one; produced by north-south Variscan Carboniferous compression, and the emplacement and subsequent doming of the Karkonosze Granite. This is the first study on brittle-ductile structures observed commonly in the metamorphic units of the Bohemian Massif, showing their relation to the granitoid intrusion and complementing the tectonic models that usually omit kink folds.     

Early Cretaceous transpressional and transtensional tectonics straddling the Sulu orogenic belt,East China

The Sulu orogenic belt (SOB) separates the North and South China blocks in East Asia and formed during Triassic continent-continent collision. However, late Mesozoic post-collisional exhumation is poorly understood due to lack of surface evidence for Paleo-Pacific subduction and associated effects. This paper interprets the tectonic history of the SOB using detrital zircon age data from Early Cretaceous sedimentary units along with previously published geochronologic and geochemical data to reconstruct sedimentological and tectonic history. Detrital zircon age distributions obtained from sedimentary units include a 2.0 Ga subpopulation that appears only in turbidite units to the southeast. This sediment probably derived from the Yangtze Block. Terrestrial facies from the Jiao-Lai basin to the northwest appear to derive from the North China Block. Geochronologic and geochemical data indicate that Early Cretaceous, post-collisional volcanism was compositionally bimodal (mafic-felsic) with associated intrusive activity that peaked at 120 Ma. Seismic images of northerly regions of the study area indicate this occurred in an extensional setting. Sedimentary facies and field structural analyses revealed an unconformity interpreted to reflect rapid uplift with NW–SE compression to the south. Given observed sinistral movement along the Tan-Lu fault, we interpret northwest and southeast regions of the SOB as experiencing transtensional and transpressional tectonics, respectively, driven by continuous subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. Intrusion of the Late Yanshannian granitoids marked the final formational stage of this unique tectonic setting.     

Numerical modelling of staged stope extraction in a tabular steeply dipping deposit

Stope stability is a key factor for the success of a mining operation. To optimise ore productivity while maintaining stope stability, the mining block/stope must be extracted in stages. Ore dilution will occur if the stope is not properly excavated/blasted. This study examines stope stability during mining in three stages, where the height of each stage stope is 10 m. The paper also presents simulation analysis of a typical steeply dipping tabular orebody at 1200 m depth below the surface, which is common in many Canadian underground hard rock mines. Numerical modelling analysis was conducted using the finite element program, RS^2D, where the non-linear elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was adopted. The rock reinforcement system (i.e. cable bolts) was modelled/installed in the stope footwall after each mining stage to strengthen access drifts and stabilise the rock mass around the stope that was disturbed by mining activity. Results are discussed in terms of depth of failure zones, total deformation and axial forces in cable bolts with respect to mining stage.     

河南省旅游生产力空间布局研究

河南是一旅游资源大省,但其强大的旅游资源优势并没有完全转化为相应的经济优势。其根本原因之一是旅游生产力缺乏合理的空间布局。文章在对河南旅游生产力的布局现状进行深入分析的基础上,构建了一个重点突出又兼顾整个区域的旅游生产力空间布局网络:3级旅游中心、2条发展轴、4个大旅游区、10个精品旅游区和10条特色旅游线。     

Entrainment threshold of cohesionless sediment grains under steady flow of air and water

Existing formulations for bed sediment entrainment under steady flow are incapable of explaining two well-documented observational facts: (i) water flow requires considerably higher dimensionless shear stresses to move the bed grains than air flow; and (ii) under open channel flow, steep granular beds are more stable than beds with milder slopes. These two facts, together with recent direct measurements of forces acting on bed grains giving time-mean negative drags ( Schmeeckle et al. , 2007 ), question the conventional models of forces used so far. Here, fluid forces acting on bed particles are treated in a new way in order to take into consideration the fundamental interference effects, thus obtaining appropriate magnitude estimates that exhibit good agreement with direct force measurements by Schmeeckle et al. (2007) . Impulsive pressure fluctuations generated by turbulence are shown to be capable of dislodging the bed grains by saltation under air flow, whereas they can only produce a rocking effect under water flow, thus explaining the first anomaly. On the other hand, previous work by the authors allows a direct estimate of space averaged time-mean drag and lift forces exerted on bed grains. Both components have the same order of magnitude but, contrary to the common belief, the mean lift is downward, which provides an explanation for the second anomaly. Finally, spatial disturbances of pressure, both positive and negative, appear to generate maximum, persistent, local forces considerably greater than mean forces, thus allowing an explanation for the observed negative time-mean drag. A new formula for predicting incipient motion of sediment under open channel flow is derived, which incorporates all dynamically significant effects and gives very good agreement with observation for the entire range of bed slopes.     

既有铁路曲线整正平差算法

在研究铁路线形特点和曲线整正原则的基础上,探讨以既有铁路线实测坐标为观测值,运用最小二乘平差方法进行曲线整正计算的方法.首先讨论铁路曲线平差的数学模型,然后给出曲线整正平差算法中拨距量计算的有关算式并对两则算例进行分析.结果表明这种平差算法不仅能够满足曲线整正计算的各项原则和技术要求,而且计算方便,精度高于传统方法.