The relationship between habitat complexity and emergence time in damselflies

Environments with higher complexity harbor a greater biodiversity and can directly influence on certain behaviors of aquatic animals. Here, we tested whether habitat complexity predicts odonate larvae emergence and mortality rates by rearing larvae in aquaria with or without artificial complexity. The results show a shorter emergence time in more complex environments, and a higher mortality rate on less complex habitats.     

东海及邻近地区岩石圈三维结构研究

文中首先对两条剖面的岩石圈结构进行了论述。以两条剖面的岩石圈结构作为约束,采用小波分解、全磁纬变倾角化极和地热场反演岩石圈底界等项技术,获取了研究区沉积基底面、莫霍面和岩石圈底界面在三维空间的展布以及岩浆岩的分布。在此基础上论述了岩石圈各层的展布及岩石圈三维结构单元的划分,认为东海陆架盆地的东部凹陷带为寻找油气最有利的地区,冲绳海槽为弧后盆地,钓鱼岛岩浆岩带为中酸性岩浆岩带,吐嘎喇火山带为当今火山弧,琉球岛弧为欧亚板块裂离部分,琉球岛弧东部斜坡为古东海大陆架的陆坡,位于此陆坡上的凹陷为弧前盆地。     

郯庐断裂带中-南段走滑构造特征与变形规律

在大别造山带东端和苏鲁造山带西端,郯庐断裂带存在着同造山期和早白垩世两期左旋走滑韧性剪切带,在张八岭隆起南段迄今为止只发现了早白垩世的走滑剪切带。这些剪切带由若干条小型韧性剪切带组成,带内糜棱岩都具有陡倾的糜棱面理和平缓的矿物拉伸线理。野外构造、显微构造及石英C轴组构皆指示了左旋走滑剪切指向。新生矿物组合和矿物变形行为分析显示大别山东端郯庐早、晚两期剪切带主要形成于中绿片岩相的变质温度环境,张八岭隆起南段剪切带主要形成于高绿片岩相的变质温度环境,苏鲁造山带西端郯庐早、晚两期剪切带则形成于高角闪岩相的变质温度环境。糜棱岩内基质中新生白云母的电子探针分析指示大别山东端和张八岭隆起南段出露的郯庐韧性剪切带形成于低压环境下,而苏鲁造山带西端的郯庐韧性剪切带形成于高压榴辉岩相环境。这些详细的构造研究显示:在华北与华南板块的碰撞造山期郯庐断裂带以左旋走滑构造型式存在,而在早白垩世太平洋构造域中它又再次发生了强烈的左行平移。     

砷在石膏中固定机制:掺杂态和表面吸附沉淀态以及其在砷污染控制中的作用

石膏是矿山开采及冶炼等工业过程产生的大宗固体废弃物。工业活动产生的废液普遍有高含量的砷等有毒元素,这导致所产生的石膏也含有较高浓度的砷等有毒元素。研究砷在石膏中地球化学行为和归趋对含砷石膏的砷污染控制具有重要的理论和实际意义。然而目前对含砷石膏中不同形态的砷的定量测定和分析尚存在问题。本文在不同pH值的条件下共沉淀砷和石膏,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、同步辐射X-射线吸收近边光谱(XANES)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)对石膏中掺杂态和表面吸附沉淀态的砷进行定量分析。ICP-MS的结果表明随着pH从2升高到12 和14,石膏中砷的含量由57×10^-6 增加到 67 470×10^-6和63 980×10^-6。同步辐射X-射线吸收近边光谱和电子顺磁共振光谱分析表明石膏样品中主要含有五价砷。在2≤pH≤7.5时,固体样品中同步辐射吸收边后的峰形状和掺杂态砷的形状类似,而在pH≥8时,其边后峰的形状发生明显的变化;粉末电子顺磁共振(EPR)定量分析表明在2≤pH≤7.5时砷在石膏中的含量和ICP-MS的分析结果一致,而在pH≥8时其含量明显小于ICP-MS的分析结果。这些结果揭示了在2≤pH≤7.5时,砷在石膏中主要以掺杂态的形式存在,而在pH≥8时大部分砷是以吸附态或表面沉淀的形式存在。五价砷在石膏中的含量和固定机制随着pH值的变化而变化,其研究对了解尾矿中石膏对砷污染的控制作用具有重要作用。此外,研究石膏中由辐射导致的g约为2.33的[AsO₃]^2-自由基电子顺磁共振特征峰,有助于补充和完善石膏的电子顺磁共振特征谱在地质测年及辐射剂量学中的应用。     

内蒙古额济纳旗标山北土壤地球化学异常特征及找矿前景

为优选内蒙古标山北找矿靶区,在了解该区地质特征的基础上进行了1：10000土壤地球化学测量工作。通过对Cu、Zn、Co、Ti、Cr、Ni、As、Sb、Sn、W共10种元素含量特征(变异系数、浓集系数等)统计,显示Cu、Cr、W元素为区内成矿有利元素。运用统计学软件SPSS25对10种元素数据进行R型系统聚类分析和R型因子分析,共划分出Cu-Zn-Co-Ti、Cr-Ni、As-Sb、Sn-W四组成矿元素组合。采用衬度异常法计算各元素和元素组合的异常下限,运用Surfer15软件将成矿有利元素和元素组合衬度数据处理成图,共圈定3个预测靶区。对Ⅱ号靶区14号铜矿化体进行探槽工程验证,发现两条较好的工业铜矿体,同时对12号、14号铜矿点以及13号赤铁矿矿点附近取样分析,显示铜、全铁(TFe)品位均达到了矿体品位,表明标山北地区具有较好的铜铁成矿潜力。     

准噶尔盆地南缘山前带阿什里背斜精细构造建模

准噶尔盆地南缘山前冲断带经历了多期叠加构造活动,构造变形特征复杂,对研究陆内造山变形机制具有重要意义。阿什里背斜处于北天山后方前陆部位,构造样式为分层滑脱变形体系控制的复式叠加背斜,垂向上包括浅层薄皮推覆构造系统和中深层复合构造楔系统。钻井和地震反射信息揭示,阿什里地区主要滑脱层为基底滑脱层,石炭系、二叠系泥岩层,中下侏罗统八道湾组、西山窑组煤层。阿什里背斜侏罗系底部不整合面受基底发育的叠加构造楔(由2~3个冲断席构成)控制,反冲断层之上石炭系-三叠系构成不对称背斜。阿什里西南大型石炭系推覆体之下发育泥盆系-石炭系组成的冲断席,构成(楔端点向上方突破的)构造楔。阿什里背斜北侧以一向斜与喀拉扎背斜过渡,指示冲断位移沿浅部滑脱层向北继续传播。阿什里及邻区发育的石炭系与三叠系-中下侏罗统不整合、二叠系内部不整合、二叠系与三叠系削截不整合、三叠系与侏罗系不整合、新近系与第四系不整合揭示了中-晚二叠世以来多期构造活动。其中,阿1井核部二叠系梧桐沟组之下钻遇的凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素分析结果显示其年龄为289.1±7Ma(95%置信度),指示了晚海西期的构造活动。根据阿什里地区地震剖面的精细构造几何学、运动学解析,结合关键不整合面,划分了5个关键构造演化期次:中二叠世阿什里西南逆冲推覆形成古隆起;晚二叠世-晚三叠世阿什里地区存在两期小规模冲断活动;侏罗纪整体稳定沉降或弱坳陷;白垩纪-古近纪多幕隆升构造活动使阿什里地区沿基底发育叠加构造楔;中新世北天山剧烈造山活动中阿什里基底构造楔向北突破形成阿克屯-喀拉扎背斜。     

Experimental study on the hydrodynamic performance of rectangular floating breakwater influenced by reef areas

Abstract

In this paper, series of experimental studies under regular wave actions to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the rectangular floating breakwater (FB) affected by reefs with different slopes were carried out in a wave flume. The wave transmission coefficients, motion responses and mooring forces can be calculated on the basis of the data obtained from the experiments. A comparative experiment of the only rectangular FB is also conducted. The experimental results reveal that the rectangular FB with different reefs can make more positive effects on wave energy dissipation than that of the only rectangular FB, especially for short-period waves. The characteristics of three degrees of freedom of the rectangular FB affected by reefs are also observed, which can be used to further explain the variation tendency appeared in transmission coefficients. The roll motion of the FB influenced by reefs is intenser than that of the only FB and the changes of slopes have limited effects on the sway motion of the FB. Furthermore, the heave motion of the only rectangular FB is intenser than that of the FB affected by reefs for short-period waves and vice versa for long-period waves.     

Integrating structural geology and petroleum systems modeling – A pilot project from Bolivia's fold and thrust belt

For the first time, a new approach to petroleum systems analysis is presented which allows full integration of tectonic and palinspastic restoration with three-dimensional (3D), PVT-controlled, multi-component, three-phase petroleum migration analysis through time. A systematic modeling study has been applied to a study area dominated by fold and thrust belts located in the Sub Andean orogeny near Tarija, Bolivia. The project has been performed with a special focus on the simulation technique and on the correct distribution of temperature, source-rock maturity and pressure development through time with reference to its input data. This is the first pilot project presenting a 3D numerical model in a compressional structural regime to which the basin modeling approach has been applied to explain the observed distribution of temperature, pressure, maturity and petroleum accumulations in general.     

The role of basement tectonic reactivation on the structural evolution of Campos Basin,offshore Brazil: Evidence from 3D seismic analysis and section restoration

The structural analysis of regional 3D seismic data shows evidence of long-term tectonic inheritance in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. Main Lower Cretaceous rift structures controlled themselves by strike-slip deformation belts related to Proterozoic orogenic events, have been episodically reactivated during the divergent margin phase of Campos Basin, from the Albian to the Miocene. Balanced cross-sections of major salt structures indicate that such tectonic reactivations have been controlling thin-skinned salt tectonics, triggering pulses of gravitational gliding above the Aptian salt detachment. Additionally, major basin features like the Neogene progradation front and the salt tectonic domains are constrained by the main Proterozoic orogenic trends of the Ribeira Belt (NE–SW) and the Vitória-Colatina Belt (NNW–SSE). As the basement involved structures observed in Campos Basin can be attributed to general geodynamic processes, it is suggested that basement tectonic reactivation can be as relevant as isostatic adjustment and detached thin-skinned tectonics on the structural evolution of divergent margin settings.     

Combining 2D-basin and structural modelling to constrain heat transport along the Muroto Transect,Nankai Trough,Japan

The Nankai Trough located southeast of Shikoku Island, Japan, exhibits a zone of exceptionally high heat flow. In the central part of the Nankai Trough the fossil spreading centre of the Shikoku Basin is subducted beneath the southwest Japan arc. We have modelled the temperature and maturation history along the Muroto Transect reaching from the tip of the thrust zone out into nearly undeformed Quaternary and Tertiary sediments seawards of Nankai Trough. We used two balanced cross-sections defining the sections before and after overthrusting as input for 2D-basin modelling. We can show that rapid burial and overthrusting during the Quaternary in combination with a heat flow history following the cooling curve of a 15 Ma old oceanic plate is not sufficient to explain the measured maturity of organic material in the sediments. Several heat flow scenarios derived from theoretical concepts [Yamano, M., Kinoshita, M., Goto, S., Matsubayashi, O., 2003. Extremely high heat flow anomaly in the middle part of the Nankai Trough. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, 487–497.] and previous modelling approaches [e.g. Brown, K.M., Saffer, D.M., Bekins, B.A., 2001. Smectite diagenesis, pore water freshening, and fluid flow at the toe of the Nankai wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 194, 97–109; Spinelli, G.A., Underwood, M.B., 2005. Modeling thermal history of subducting crust in Nankai Trough: constraints from in situ sediment temperature and diagenetic reaction progress. Geophysical Research Letters 32(L09301): doi:10.1029/2005GL022793; Steurer, J., Underwood, M.B., 2003. Clay mineralogy of mudstones from the Nankai Trough reference sites 1173 and 1177 and frontal accretionary prism site 1174. In: H. Mikada et al. (Eds.), pp. 1–37. Available from: <http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/190196SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/211.PDF>] were tested. The best match between observed maturity levels, temperature and heat flow measurements is reached for a heat flow history which initially assumes the cooling of a 15 Ma old oceanic lithosphere but is reheated to 170–180 mW/m² during the phase of rapid burial in the Quaternary. This can be achieved either by assuming the onset of hydrothermal circulation in the cooling crust or by reheating caused by off-axis volcanism at about 6 Ma [Yamano, M., Kinoshita, M., Goto, S., Matsubayashi, O., 2003. Extremely high heat flow anomaly in the middle part of the Nankai Trough. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, 487–497.].