Stress–strain behaviour of a loosely compacted volcanic-derived soil and its significance to rainfall-induced fill slope failures

The stress–strain behaviour of a soil is crucial to the recognition of the mechanism of slope failure. Triaxial tests, composed of isotropically consolidated drained (ICD) and undrained compression (ICU) tests and anisotropically consolidated constant deviatoric stress path (CQD) tests, were carried out with the aim of investigating the stress–strain behaviour of loosely compacted volcanic-derived soils. The fact that the critical states are the same for ICU, ICD and CQD tests may show that the critical state is independent of the above three stress paths. The critical state line, as defined in critical state soil mechanics, is obtained from the e–log p′ and q–p′ plots based on the results of the above tests. The initial state of the consolidated specimens at initiation of failure may be classified as dilative or contractive in the light of the locations of the soil state relative to the critical state line. For contractional soils, the increased pore water pressure generated by rainfall infiltration leads to a contractive failure in a drained manner, giving rise to high excess pore water pressure. The excess pore water pressure caused by contraction cannot be dissipated instantly, resulting in a decrease in the shear resistance of the soil. The failure process is rapid. The failed soil mass is prone to flow after failure under the action of gravity due to its high moisture content and inflow of surface runoff and rainwater. For dilational soils, the increased pore water pressure resulting from infiltration leads to dilation, which reduces pore water pressure and thus increases the shear resistance of the soil. However, continued rainfall infiltration may be able to equilibrate the reduction in pore water pressure caused by dilation and, therefore, the dilation or displacement can continue. In Hong Kong, volcanic-derived soil is characterized by high permeability. Both the high permeability of volcanic-derived soil and a shallow failure surface make it possible for the reduction in pore pressure to equilibrate relatively quickly. Therefore, the failure is also rapid, at least for poorly compacted fill slopes.     

单轴压缩下大理岩的Q值与频率关系的研究

实验采用单轴压缩循环加载方式,在地震频段内测量了莱阳大理岩的品质因数Q值.在频率为0.1-10 Hz范围内,Q值随频率变化是非线性的,而且在5 Hz附近出现峰值.用正弦波和用三角波两种方式加载所获得的Q值与频率关系很相似,并且三角波加载所测得的Q值普遍高于用正弦波加载测得的Q值.疲劳试验结果表明,正弦波循环加载大大降低了岩石的强度,三角波则对岩石强度降低较少.     

汶川地震科学钻探3号井孔附近微震震源参数确定及其意义

基于微震监测仪器频带及波形记录的时频特征,我们筛选出汶川地震科学钻探3号井孔周围微震台阵2012年记录的218个t_s-t_p1 s的微震.通过盖戈法与和达法相结合确定微震震源的几何参数,发现这些微震分布大体呈NE-SW展布,与龙门山断裂带的走向基本一致.无论是采用《地震台站观测规范》中的量规函数(量规函数GF)还是李学政等(2003)的量规函数(量规函数LXZ),近震震级均与矩震级呈现出较好的线性关系,向震级小的一端延伸时都表现为M_LM_W,但采用李学政等的量规函数时该趋势更加明显.同时采用Brune和Boatwright震源谱衰减模型对观测震源谱的拟合表明拐角频率具有模型依赖性:基于Brune模型拟合得到的拐角频率大于基于Boatwright模型得到的拐角频率.无论基于哪一种模型,矩震级与拐角频率、破裂半径的对数线性关系均较弱,与应力降、视应力的对数则存在较好的线性关系.这些关系不支持应力降、折合能量、视应力为常数的观点,表明微震与大地震的震源物理过程存在差异.视应力与应力降成比例,比例系数小于0.5,表明破裂动力学模式符合SavageWood模式.近震震级与矩震级拟合关系Mw=a+bM_L中b的大小与应力降和地震矩的关系有关,△σ∝M_0~γ,则b=1/(1+γ),因此从b的大小可以粗略地判断应力降与地震矩的关系.本文对应于γ≈1的情况,与基于量规函数LXZ得到的近震震级与矩震级关系中系数b=0.53吻合,这说明仅从辐射能量的角度考虑量规函数LXZ较量规函数GF准确.     

地震的应变张量观测与应用前景

地震发生时的动态应变场,在研究地震触发、地震破裂、地面破坏、水文和岩浆变化等方面都具有重要应用意义.地震的应变张量观测和现有的惯性地震仪观测的物理量不同.前者可以直接记录到地震发生时震源辐射的应变(应力)波,而后者记录到的是位移、速度或加速度.地震频率的应变测量在地震学中的应用前景主要表现在:①测量震源机制解理论预言的辐射4象限分布;②测量库仑应力变化;③换算成动态应力以评估地震烈度;④测量地震波的能量密度;⑤测量地震断层形变加速和形变局部化过程.用惯性地震仪的记录虽然在理论上也可以解算出动态应变值,然而种种原因导致计算结果的误差很大,往往不可接受.应变张量地震仪若能与现有的惯性地震仪配套起来,形成大规模台阵,则有可能推动应变地震学的诞生,在地震观测和地震学科领域引起重大革新.     

Mesozoic–Cenozoic stress field magnitude in Sichuan Basin,China and its adjacent areas and the implication on shale gas reservoir: Determination by acoustic emission in rocks

The Sichuan Basin is one of the vital basins in China, boasting abundant hydrocarbon reservoirs. To clarify the intensity of the tectonic stress field of different tectonic episodes since the Mesozoic and to identify the regional dynamic background of different tectonic movements in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas, the characteristics of the acoustic emission in rocks in different strata of these areas were researched in this paper. Meanwhile, the tectonic stress magnitude in these areas since the Mesozoic was restored. The laws state that the tectonic stress varied with depth was revealed, followed by the discussion of the influence of structural stress intensity on structural patterns in different tectonic episodes. These were conducted based on the paleostress measurement by acoustic emission method and the inversion principle of the stress fields in ancient periods and the present, as well as previous research achievements. The results of this paper demonstrate that the third episode of Yanshanian Movement (Yanshanian III) had the maximum activity intensity and tremendously influenced the structural pattern in the study area. The maximum horizontal principal stress of Yanshanian III varied with depth as follows: 0.0168 x + 37.001 (MPa), R² = 0.8891. The regional structural fractures were mainly formed in Yanshanian III in Xujiahe Formation, west Sichuan Basin, of which the maximum paleoprincipal stress ranging from 85.1 MPa to 120.1 MPa. In addition, the law stating the present maximum horizontal principal stress varies with depth was determined to be 0.0159 x+10.221 (MPa), R²=0.7868 in Wuling Mountain area. Meanwhile, it was determined to be 0.0221 x+9.4733 (MPa), R²=0.9121 in the western part of Xuefeng Mountain area and 0.0174 x+10.247 (MPa), R²=0.8064 in the whole study area. These research results will not only provide data for the simulation of stress field, the evaluation of deformation degree, and the prediction of structural fractures, but also offer absolute geological scientific bases for the elevation of favorable shale gas preservation.     

大灰厂断层形变测量结果的地质解译

对大灰厂断层形变测点的36年基线、水准观测资料进行了系统研究，将观测值的变化转换为断层的水平和垂直活动量，并从断层活动方式与所受压应力方向的关系研究了华北地区邢台一唐山地震时段和大同一张北地震时段，以及在八宝山断裂(大灰厂段)上显示的地震前后断层异常活动特征及相应的应力状态。认为对跨断层形变测量资料的分析研究不仅要通过一定的数学处理和统计学分析，更应当从断层活动方式及应力状态进行地质解译，以探索孕震过程中的断层活动信息。     

秦岭—大别东段应力状态研究

本文首先通过Snoke发展的利用P波、 SV波和SH波的初动和振幅比方法计算秦岭—大别东段2008年以来83次M_L≥2.5地震的震源机制解, 然后通过FMSI方法反演得到平均应力场的方向特征: 近东西向的水平挤压和近南北向的水平拉张作用, 与参数统计结果一致; 进而通过震源机制的一致性参数分析应力场方向的变化信息。 分析表明震源机制解呈现了由变化紊乱、 偏离平均应力场到变化一致、 趋于平均应力场再到变化紊乱、 偏离平均应力场的变化过程, 在显著地震前, 研究区整体的震源机制一致性参数处于持续低值状态; 计算了2008年以来93次M_L≥2.5地震的视应力, 拟合视应力与震级的关系, 分析扣除震级影响的差视应力随时间变化特征, 近似反映研究区应力大小的变化。 分析表明显著地震前研究区的差视应力值呈现出明显的先上升后下降的变化过程, 在下降过程中发生地震; 最后利用震源机制一致性参数和差视应力综合分析研究区的应力状态, 均表明显著地震前震源区的构造应力场增强。 目前研究区的震源机制一致性参数较高、 差视应力较低, 研究区的应力水平较低。     

隐伏正断层错动致地表破裂变形特征的研究

通过建立三维计算模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动、倾斜错动和翘倾错动方式下地表土体的应力路径、破裂和变形特征进行了研究。根据地表破裂临界值,分析了工程建设“避让带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征。根据行业规范,提出工程建设“关注带”的确定方法,分析了“关注带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征,得到以下主要结论:①在断层错动过程中,位于两侧的地表土体应力路径变化明显不同,下盘一侧和上盘一侧分别以三轴拉伸和三轴压缩为主;②地表强变形带与地表破裂带的分布并不一致,需要综合考虑等效塑性应变和总位移比2个指标来评价同震地表错动对建筑物的影响;③当隐伏断层错动的垂直位移达到3m时,工程建设“避让带”的宽度在10—90m范围内变化,受上覆土体厚度和断层倾角的影响最大,而工程建设“关注带”的宽度在150—400m范围内变化,受上覆土体的性质影响最大。     

南北地震带地震震源机制解和现今应力特征

基于CAP方法,使用地震波形资料,计算得到了2009年1月～2017年8月期间南北地震带及周边区域466个3.5级以上地震震源机制解。在补充收集1976年1月～2017年8月GCMT公布的259个4.5级以上地震震源机制解的基础上,分析了南北地震带地震震源机制解和应力特征。震源机制空间分布显示,不同断裂带、块体间表现出不同的震源机制空间分布特征,该特征与南北地震带不同段落活动构造性质基本吻合。作为青藏高原东边界的南北地震带,由于动力环境复杂,其内部P轴方向具有明显的差异性。这种差异主要表现为:南北地震带北段P轴呈NE向分布;龙门山断裂带及周边除NE段P轴取向为NW—NNW向外,其他地段P轴近EW向;川滇菱形块体内部P轴呈NNW向,而其西边界以西呈NNE向,东边界以东呈NW向,应力方向转换带的与川滇菱形块体边界基本一致。整体而言,南北地震带及近邻P轴方向由北到南发生了顺时针转动。     

USE OF SEISMIC WAVEFORMS AND INSAR DATA FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE MAINLING MS6.9 EARTHQUAKE ON NOV.18, 2017

On November 18, 2017, a M_S6.9 earthquake struck Mainling County, Tibet, with a depth of 10km. The earthquake occurred at the eastern Himalaya syntaxis. The Namche Barwan moved northward relative to the Himalayan terrane and was subducted deeply beneath the Lhasa terrane, forming the eastern syntaxis after the collision of the Indian plate and Asian plates. Firstly, this paper uses the far and near field broadband seismic waveform for joint inversion (CAPJoint method)of the earthquake focal mechanism. Two groups of nodal planes are obtained after 1000 times Bootstrap test. The strike, dip and rake of the best solution are calculated to be 302°, 76° and 84° (the nodal plane Ⅰ)and 138°, 27° and 104° (the nodal plane Ⅱ), respectively. This event was captured by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)measurements from the Sentinel-1A radar satellite, which provide the opportunity to determine the fault plane, as well as the co-seismic slip distribution, and assess the seismic hazards. The overall trend of the deformation field revealed by InSAR is consistent with the GPS displacement field released by the Gan Wei-Jun's team. Geodesy (InSAR and GPS)observation of the earthquake deformation field shows the northeastern side of the epicenter uplifting and the southwestern side sinking. According to geodetic measurements and the thrust characteristics of fault deformation field, we speculate that the nodal plane Ⅰ is the true rupture plane. Secondly, based on the focal mechanism, we use InSAR data as the constraint to invert for the fine slip distribution on the fault plane. Our best model suggests that the seismogenic fault is a NW-SE striking thrust fault with a high angle. Combined with the slip distribution and aftershocks, we suggest that the earthquake is a high-angle thrust event, which is caused by the NE-dipping thrust beneath the Namche Barwa syntaxis subducted deeply beneath the Lhasa terrane.