沉降统一计算模式及其可视化实现

利用VC++6.0编译平台,通过编制可视化应用程序,对浅基础与桩基础的沉降统一计算模式进行了探讨.这一模式对计算荷载的确定、附加应力的计算及孔隙比的确定进行了统一,从而,不需要分别编制应用程序来计算浅基础与桩基础沉降,提高了编制应用程序的效率,数据输入、输出及沉降计算过程均通过可视化界面进行操作,计算过程简单方便,计算结果重复性好,具有很好的实际应用价值.     

岩溶区土洞发育机制的分析

岩溶区地下水或地表水的活动 ,将对土层产生潜蚀作用及崩解作用 ,进而形成土洞。真空吸蚀作用 ,有利于土洞的发育扩大。地下水位的变化 ,将使土洞周围土体的应力状态发生改变 ,并有可能导致土洞周围土体产生塑性破坏 ,使土洞进一步扩大甚至塌陷.     

From continental margin extension to collision orogen: structural development and tectonic rotation of the Hengchun peninsula, southern Taiwan

As a result of oblique collision, the Taiwan orogen propagates southward. The Hengchun peninsula in the southern tip of the Taiwan Central Range, preserving the youngest, the least deformed and the most complete accretionary prism sequences, allows therefore better understanding of the tectonic evolution of Taiwan orogen. On the Hengchun peninsula, four main stages of paleostress can be recognized by the analysis of brittle tectonics. After recording the first two stages of paleostress, rocks of the Hengchun peninsula (the Hengchun block) have undergone both tilting and counterclockwise rotation of about 90°. The structural boundaries of this rotated Hengchun block are: the Kenting Mélange zone in the southwest, the Fongkang Fault in the north, and a submarine backthrust in the east. The angle of this rotation is principally calculated by the paleomagnetic analysis data and a physical model experiment. Through a systematic back-tilting and back-rotating restoration, the original orientations of the four paleostress stages of Hengchun peninsula are recognized. They are, from the ancient to the recent, a NW–SE extension, a combination of NW–SE transtension and NE–SW transpression, a NE–SW compression, and finally a combination of NE–SW transtension and NW–SE transpression. This result can be explained by a phenomenon of stress axes permutation, instead of a complex polyphase tectonism. This stress axes permutation is caused by the horizontal compression increase accompanying the propagation of the accretionary prism. Combining the tectonic and paleomagnetic data with paleocurrent and stratigraphic data enables us to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the Hengchun peninsula. This reconstruction corresponds to the deformation history of a continental margin basin, from its opening to its intense deformation in the accretionary prism.     

Photoelastic and numerical investigation of stress distributions around fault models under biaxial compressive loading conditions

This paper presents the results of a photoelastic and numerical study of stress distributions (contours and trajectories) around fault models of various geometries, submitted to a biaxial compressive load. It aims to describe typical biaxial stress behaviours and emphasize the existing differences with the well-known uniaxial compressive load case. Stress trajectories are sometimes shown by joint sets acting as markers of a paleostress field, and they can be interpreted by particular shallow tension–compression situations. At depth fractures can be reactivated, or can dilate under conditions of triaxial compression, and behaviour is essentially controlled by a high stress ratio (high σ₃/σ₁ ratio). In spite of the potential importance of such stress states on fracture permeability and fluid flow, and although they are frequently found at depth in a reservoir context, such stress conditions are poorly investigated, particularly in terms of stress perturbations.The presented analogue experiments consisted of compression tests done on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates; this material has mechanical properties comparable to those of brittle rocks in the upper crust, and presents birefringence. The samples contained open defects acting as faults, and the stress trajectories around these faults were investigated using a photoelastic device. Comparable numerical experiments were realised with a finite-element code (Franc 2D), using frictionless fault models.First, the effect of an increasing biaxial compressive load ratio σ₃/σ₁ on stress trajectories around an isolated open defect was explored. It was shown that the stress trajectories were drastically modified when σ₃/σ₁ increased from 0.2 to 0.4, this result being consistent with previous studies. In particular, when σ₃/σ₁ was superior or equal to 0.4, external isotropic points around where trajectories diverged (called repulsive isotropic points) appeared near the tips, but away from the defects. They tended to move away from the defects towards the main load direction when σ₃/σ₁ increased. The described isotropic points were points of stress trajectory divergence, i.e. points where stress decreased, implying that zones around them were strongly unfavourable to shear reactivation.Second, stress trajectories around fault models of various geometries (oblique isolated defect, dilational jog, compressive jog, and complex patterns) were studied, the applied biaxial compressive load ratio being 0.7. These biaxial stress trajectories were compared with similar uniaxial stress trajectories in order to explore the existing differences between the two regimes. It enabled new stress trajectory geometries to be described and interpreted. In particular, numerous external repulsive isotropic points were observed, and defect tips were shown to be zones of high convergence of stress trajectories. Furthermore, in contrast to the uniaxial compressive load case, stress trajectories and stress contours were geometrically similar within dilational and compressive jogs under biaxial compressive load. For both jog types, the centre of the overlapping zone, and the areas along the wall of a jog-defining fault and facing the overlapping tip of the other fault, proved to be zones of low mean stress, implying that fluids may migrate towards them from the tips of the faults, in response to mean stress gradients. Furthermore, the centre of the jogs exhibiting a high differential stress was a favourable area in terms of fracture reactivation, which may facilitate fluids transfer and storage.It was also observed that for both the uniaxial and biaxial compressive loads, isotropic zones were localised at the acute angle between branching defects.     

甘肃附加应力场预测地震研究

根据弹性力学的物理方程导出了由附加主应力比判别附加应变状态的关系式,分析了附加应力与断层活动的关系。     

降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率变化的数学模拟

根据扩散定律和热量平衡理论,运用云物理学模式,对降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率的变化进行了数值模拟,发现降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率的变化除受湿度条件的影响外,还受大气水汽中稳定同位素比率的影响。在非饱和大气中,受蒸发过程的影响,降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率随降落距离而不断增大,空气湿度越小,增大幅度越明显。平均而言,大气湿度与ｄδＤ／ｄδ１８Ｏ和Ｅｘｄ呈正比。ｄδＤ／ｄδ１８Ｏ以８为渐近线,Ｅｘｄ则在高湿和较大半径条件下逐渐趋近于一个常数;在饱和大气中,半径较小的雨滴或在湿度较高的环境中,雨滴中稳定同位素达到平衡的时间较短。反之,达到平衡的时间较长。     

钻孔应变在新疆地震预报中的应用实践

简要总结了新疆十几年来,利用钻孔应变资料进行地震预报的实践。指出用钻孔应变资料预报地震是可能的,尤其是短临预报更是行之有效。实践证明打破年变规律是大震应变异常的主要特征。指数曲线是临震异常的具有规律性的可靠依据。压一张一发震的力学过程是应变异常的动态特点。     

A single-station coda solution for source, attenuation and site factors

Based on the empirical formulation formed from coda observations, the digital waveforms from 33 local events with magnitude M _L ranging between 2.1 and 3.5, recorded at Changli station of Beijing Telemetered Seismographic Network from 1989 to 1991, are used to compute coda Q for the Changli region and the source factors of all earthquakes by single-station coda method. Furthermore, assuming a certain source model, we have obtained the station site frequency response and source spectra, as well as source parameters such as corner frequencies, seismic moments and stress drops and so on. Their variations with time are monitored before and after larger earthquakes. Because the coda method can more effectively reduce the influence of source radiation pattern and a particular propagation path than direct wave method, more data can be used and more accurate results can be obtained, which provided a possible approach to study the source properties and reveal the variation of source parameters before larger earthquakes. Contribution No. 97A0107, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China.     

受载条件下大型灰岩样品的电阻率前兆特征

用实验方法研究了500mm×500mm×1000mm的大型天然灰岩样品从微裂到大破裂的电阻率前兆特征,对资料的初步分析表明:(1)电阻率异常的时空演化进程与岩石从受力、变形到破坏的整个过程密切相关;(2)电阻率异常的空间分布具有差异性,时间演化具有阶段性;(3)在整个加载过程中电阻率变化有明显的“趋势”异常,岩石大破裂前观测到了“短期”前兆和“临震”突变。这些实验结果为大地震前野外地电阻率法观测资料的物理解释提供了实验依据。最后,利用所观测到的电阻率前兆特征对受载条件下灰岩样品的变形破坏过程进行了初步讨论。     

Comparison of vertical and horizontal deposition hole concept for disposal of radioactive waste based on rock mechanical in situ stress-strength analyses

In Finland, a spent fuel repository is being planned in hard, crystalline rock to the depth of 300–800 m. The repository will consist of parallel deposition tunnels which are interconnected by a central tunnel. The spent fuel canisters will be placed in holes drilled according to the tunnel floor—vertical deposition hole concept or in the tunnel wall-horizontal deposition hole concept. Based on the numerical stress-strength analyses, both concepts are found to be feasible. However, when the maximum horizontal stress is perpendicular to the axis of the deposition hole, the rock in the vicinity of the horizontal deposition hole seems to have more stable behavior than in the case of the vertical deposition hole.