基于应力影响系数法的高边坡临界滑动面研究

临界滑动面一方面是与岩体结构面和坡面的组合关系有关,另一方面与荷载大小及位置有关。三维条件下,均质岩高边坡的破坏机理比较复杂,临界滑动面的判定较为繁琐。本文基于应力影响系数法对荷载作用下对均质岩高边坡三维临界滑动面形态及位置进行初步判别,研究各因素变化对临界滑动面分布形态的影响,结果表明:荷载作用下均质岩高边坡空间临界滑动面主要发生在基础前侧区域,约为一不规则楔体,楔体尺寸与桥基尺寸、坡度及桥基距离有关,其中桥基距离影响最大,荷载强度对滑动面形态无影响。桥基荷载作用下均质岩高边坡临界滑动线范围随桥基尺寸、桥基距离增加而增大,随坡度增加,临界滑动线长度减小,深度增大。本文提出桥基荷载作用下均质岩高边坡临界滑动面范围确定公式,即:均质岩高边坡破坏长度Pw=08444L-05098+05759S+693716,破坏深度Ph=01148L+0171B+11725+00733S-5719。     

Exploring the effect of salinity changes on the levels of Hsp60 in the tropical coral Seriatopora caliendrum

Osmotic stress represents a limiting physical parameter for marine organisms and especially for sessile scleractinian corals which are known to be basically stenohaline and osmoconformers. The salinity changes may cause important cellular damage since corals lack any developed physiological regulatory system. One mechanism of reaction to deleterious conditions is the rapid increase of the induction of heat shock proteins. This study highlights the modulation of the expression of a mitochondrial heat shock protein, such as the chaperonin Hsp60, in the animal tissues of the scleractinian coral Seriatopora caliendrum under three salinity scenarios (hypersalinity of 45 ppt, hyposalinity of 25 ppt and extreme hyposalinity of 15 ppt). The study was performed during the time course of a 2-day period and accompanied also by the assessment of the coral health condition. For each salinity stress S. caliendrum responds differently at the morphological and cellular levels, since the Hsp60 exhibited specific patterns of expression and the coral showed different tissue appearance. Furthermore, the response reflects the severity and exposure length of the disturbance. However, the results indicate that S. caliendrum seems able to tolerates high salinity better than low salinity. In particular, in extreme hyposalinity conditions, a considerable gradual down-regulation of Hsp60 was detected accompanied by necrosis and degradation of the coral tissues. The study suggests that Hsp60 may be involved in the mechanisms of cellular response to stress caused by exposure to adverse salinity.     

Stress tensor analysis of the 1998–1999 tectonic swarm of northern Quito related to the volcanic swarm of Guagua Pichincha volcano, Ecuador

The phreatic activity and the subsequent dacitic dome growth in 1998–1999 at Guagua Pichincha volcano, Ecuador, were associated with two seismic swarms: one located in the northern part of Quito (population: 1,500,000) and another one, just below the active volcano, about 15–20 km SW from the first one. Quito swarm tectonic events have high frequencies (from 1 to 10–15 Hz). We registered more than 3200 events (among which 2354 events of 1.4≤M_L≤4.2) between June 1998 and December 1999 at the −2- and −17-km depth. The volcanic events below the Guagua Pichincha caldera have high (from 1 to 10–15 Hz) and low (less than 3 Hz) frequencies. Approximately, 130,000 events were registered between September 1998 and December 1999 at the +2.4- and −3.5-km depth. Here, we study the stress tensors of these two swarms deduced from the polarities of P first motions and compare them to the regional stress tensor deduced from CMT Harvard focal mechanisms. The Quito swarm stress tensor is relatively close to the regional stress tensor (the σ₁ axis was oriented N117°E close to the N102°E direction of the plate motion found by the GPS measurement, and σ₃ is nearly vertical). The difference may be due to the action of the closely active Guagua Pichincha volcano. The Guagua Pichincha stress tensor is very different from the regional tectonic one. The σ₁ axis of the volcano is oriented N214°E, almost perpendicular to the σ₁ of the swarm of Quito and σ₃ is almost horizontal. Even if these two tensors are different, they can be explained in a more general tectonic scheme. The almost horizontal direction of σ₃ just below the volcano is compatible with an extensional horizontal direction that may be expected in the shallow extrados part of a compressional region and consistent with an opening of the top of the Guagua Pichincha volcano. The movement of the fluids (magma, gas and/or groundwater) produced by the closely active Guagua Pichincha volcano seems to have an influence in the acceleration of the generation of seismic events.     

Earthquakes in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin from a regional perspective

This paper presents a summary of the seismicity and its relation to stress and geologic structures in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin (EGLB) and compares it with that of other regions in the central and eastern North America (CENA). The earthquakes scattered throughout the EGLB are occurring at a rate somewhat less than that of the Appalachians and along the Atlantic Seaboard. Paleoseismology studies suggest that the lower seismicity rate may be characteristic of the EGLB since the Late Wisconsin. North of the EGLB, earthquakes have primarily thrust mechanisms, while to the south of the EGLB, most earthquakes are strike-slip. Throughout the region, including the EGLB, the average P axes of the earthquakes are oriented NE–SW and are aligned with the direction of the current plate driving stress. On a regional basis, earthquakes are centered primarily in the Precambrian basement beneath the Paleozoic cover. Many of the earthquakes in the EGLB have occurred in areas of preexisting faults, at least some of which may have been active during past episodes of continental rifting. For individual faults that have been studied in some detail, however, it is not clear whether earthquakes represent reactivations of local preexisting structures or nucleation of new ruptures in or near the old fault zones.     

地震剪切破裂的三维断裂力学有限元分析—1966年邢台地震的数值模拟

以往用断裂力学方法研究地震的发生，绝大多数是针对二维问题或三维椭圆盘断层，而真实的断层是三维的。本文运用线性断裂力学理论，以Ｋｏｓｔｒｏｖ的Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ静肪表面能为断裂准则，对地震剪切破裂进行了三维有限元分析。在断裂面前缘，我们采用了由２０点等参单元退化而成的１５点元，非奇异单元用２０点元，证明了１５点元能反映应力的奇异性，推导了局部会标系下的应力强度因子的有限元解，并编制了大型的三维线弹性断     

东亚大陆的地震迁移（二）——沿地震带的迁移

分析了东亚大陆现代和历史地震地震带顺序的迁移图象，以时空线性度做为迁移图象的判别参数，确定了：（１）２０世纪上半叶帕米尔－贝加尔，苏门答腊－蒙古，喜马拉雅三个地带的大范围巨峰迁移事件，该三带迁移具有同期性和交叉性围绕着青藏高原周边呈三角形图案。迁移速度在５５～１５００ｋｍ／ａ；（２）中国大陆内部区域性地震带的小规模迁移，共１２个地带的２８个迁移序列，有些地带在几百年地内地震曾反复迁移，迁移速度从１     

下辽河盆地现今构造应力场特征

目前研究现今构造应力场的方法很多，如地壳形变测量，震源机制解等方法，本文利用井壁崩落法、套芯法及有限元数值模拟所得结果，研究分析了下辽河盆地现今构造应力的特征。     

爆炸防雹中的云微物理机制的探讨

在综合实验和观测结果的基础上 ,提出了能形成大雹的雹胚 ,在它运行增长中常会有一个下伸到 0℃层以下融化 ,又再进入主上升气流区上升到 0℃层以上再次冻结的过程。发生这一过程的位置是雹云的悬挂回波所在的冰雹胚胎帘区的底部 ,如果在这个位置利用爆炸引起由雹胚融化而形成的液滴破碎 ,会改变大雹的运行轨迹 ,从而抑制大雹的形成。同时还利用数值模式模拟研究了该机制 ,结果表明该机制是合理的。     

华北4次中、强地震前震源区及其附近应力场的变化

使用小震机制解资料 ,分析了 1975年海城 7 3级和 1976年唐山 7 8级强震及 1983年菏泽 5 9级和 1995年苍山 5 2级中强震前 ,震源区及其周围不同构造部位应力场的时、空变化 ,证实震前震源区附近应力场曾有某些异常改变 ,如唐山强震前震源区周围出现长达 4a多的小震机制解主应力轴一致性取向的现象 ,菏泽地震前小震机制解P轴“集中—转向” ,苍山地震前P轴偏转且一致性增强。同时还发现 ,唐山地震前应力场异常变化开始时间可能早于 1972年 ;震源区内的陡河台与源外区的昌黎台小震综合机制解反映出震前的受力差异 ;震源断层附近不同应力区内震源机制解和地震活动有时空动态差异。这些现象一定程度上提供了不同构造条件和应力背景下 ,中、强震前震源区不同构造部位力学状态的改变或地震孕育过程的信息 ,对研究不同地震的孕震过程及差异有一定意义。     

监测网的精度测度与三维应变参数的准则矩阵

本文基于监测网的特点，用变形参数的精度来测度同的质量，讨论了精度标准的不变性，重点根据位移向量与应变参数的关系，构造了三维应变参数的准则矩阵，以供参考。