The present-day state of tectonic stress in the Darling Basin,Australia: Implications for exploration and production

Knowledge of the full present-day stress tensor and pore pressure has significant applications in the exploration and production of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. The Darling Basin of New South Wales, Australia, is an old sedimentary basin (Late Cambrian/Silurian to Early Carboniferous) in which there was limited information about the present-day stress field prior to this study. In this paper we evaluate the contemporary stress field of the Darling Basin using a dataset from recent exploration wells and perform a geomechanical risk assessment with respect to borehole stability, fracture/fault generation and reactivation. Our interpretations of borehole failures in borehole image logs reveal a prevailing east-west orientation of the maximum horizontal stress throughout the Darling Basin. The estimates of the magnitudes for the vertical, minimum and maximum horizontal stress in the studied wells indicate a transition between thrust and strike-slip faulting stress regime at 600–700 m depths, where the magnitude of vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress are close to each other. However, the presence of borehole breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fractures, that we observe in the image logs at greater depths (900–2100 m) indicate a transition into a strike-slip tectonic stress regime below a depth range of approximately 700–900 m. These findings are in agreement with overcoring stress measurements east and west of the investigated wells. Furthermore, there are several Neogene-to-Recent geological structures in the study area that indicate thrust faulting with an east-west oriented maximum horizontal stress orientation around this old sedimentary basin. The consistency between the orientation of maximum horizontal stress determined from wellbore data and neotectonic structures is significant, and implies that horizontal stress orientations derived from very recent geological features may be valuable inputs to geomechanical models in the absence of wellbore or other data. However, the recent surface geological structures suggest a thrust faulting stress regime that is in slight contrast to the transition between thrust and strike-slip stress regime (S_H > S_h ∼ S_v) indicated by petroleum data, and highlights a potential pitfall of using neotectonic structures in geomechanical models. In particular, careful attention and verification should be made when using neotectonic structures for input, calibration or confirmation of geomechanical models, especially in intraplate tectonic settings such as Australia.     

Biomarker responses in Macoma nasuta (Bivalvia) exposed to sediments from northern San Francisco Bay

Our study investigates biomarker responses and survival of Macoma nasuta exposed to sediments collected from six locations in northern San Francisco Bay. Biomarkers analyzed were stress proteins (hsp70) in gill, mantle and digestive gland, lysosomal membrane damage and histopathologic lesions. Sediments and clam tissues were analyzed for a comprehensive suite of heavy metals and trace organic pollutants. Sediment grain size and organic carbon content were determined. Clams accumulated metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (aldrin and p,p^′-DDT and its metabolites p,p^′-DDD and p,p^′-DDE). Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis revealed that mortality, hsp70 in gill and histopathologic lesion scores in gonads, and lysosomal membrane damage were significantly correlated with tissue concentrations of DDT and/or its metabolites. Tissue concentrations of metals, in particular nickel, chromium, and copper, were associated with macrophage aggregates in digestive gland and germ cell necrosis. Cadmium was linked to mortality and lysosomal membrane damage.     

大庆地区东西剖面油气的应力圈闭初探

以大庆地区地质资料为基础，应用弹性力学问题的有限单元法．计算大庆地区东西剖面的应力场，分析多个指标的分布特点及其所指示的应力圈闭和流体活动特点，为今后油田的勘探和开发提供新依据。     

渤海海冰对直桩柱的作用力

于1990年1月在锦州湾采样,主要测试了在不同的冰温和不同的应变速率下渤海海冰的挤压强度,并且研究了海冰挤压强度与冰温及应变速率的关系。对半径R=2,3,4,5cm圆柱压头的海冰挤压强度R_(CM)进行了试验,由此求得了海冰的局部挤压系数和接触系数。分析了冰块宽度B与桩柱宽度b之比与挤压系数的关系。在—10℃冰温下,对半圆形,压头端部尖角20等于180°,120°,90°,60°五种压头进行了试验,从而求得桩柱的形状系数,建立起大冰原对桩柱挤压作用的最大冰压力公式。     

海洋无脊椎动物体内能量物质--磷酸精氨酸的研究进展

磷酸精氨酸是无脊椎动物体内一种重要的磷酸原,它能够给机体提供一个ATP的缓冲库,从而保证机体的能量供应处于平衡状态,并进而提高机体的抗应激能力。本文综述了无脊椎动物体内磷酸精氨酸的功能、其含量在应激状态下的变化、在运动中的作用以及动物体内的磷酸精氨酸含量等的研究进展。     

Recent Progress in Dual-Polarization Radar Research and Applications in China

Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have been successfully utilized to investigate precipitation microphysics and improve radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).The recent progress in dual-pol radar research and applications in China is summarized in four aspects.Firstly,the characteristics of several representative dual-pol radars are reviewed.Various approaches have been developed for radar data quality control,including calibration,attenuation correction,calculation of specific differential phase shift,and identification and removal of non-meteorological echoes.Using dual-pol radar measurements,the microphysical characteristics derived from raindrop size distribution retrieval,hydrometeor classification,and QPE is better understood in China.The limited number of studies in China that have sought to use dual-pol radar data to validate the microphysical parameterization and initialization of numerical models and assimilate dual-pol data into numerical models are summarized.The challenges of applying dual-pol data in numerical models and emerging technologies that may make significant impacts on the field of radar meteorology are discussed.     

“构造地质学”发展方向的一些思考

构造地质学是地质学的核心基础学科,其发展方向是目前构造地质学家面临的挑战之一。本文从构造作用的本质出发,试图对构造地质学的发展方向进行思考。构造作用本质上是岩石和矿物对应力作用的响应,包括物理响应和化学响应,进而用数学方法进行表达:(1)物理响应主要表现为变形,包括脆性变形和韧性变形。岩石的力学性能决定了其变形特征。岩石圈力学性能在时间和空间上的不均一性一直是研究岩石圈变形行为的巨大挑战。需要结合野外观测、岩石力学和流变学研究,并借助多尺度模拟方法来建立不同时间尺度和空间尺度下岩石的变形行为和变形准则。(2)化学响应主要指构造应力作用下岩石和矿物发生化学变化的过程,即应力化学作用。变形变质作用、剪切带成矿作用、剪切带石墨化、应力生气和生烃等方面都可能存在应力化学过程,但其详细过程和反应机理还需要进一步探究。(3)运用数值模拟、量子计算对以上这些构造过程进行数学表达,也是构造地质学未来发展值得关注的方向。总之,构造地质学未来的发展方向应是与物理学、化学乃至数学等基础学科的深度融合。     

三江平原地下水流场演化趋势及影响因素

近年来,三江平原部分区域地下水位呈持续下降的态势,引起广大学者和相关部门的高度关注,为了查明三江平原地下水流场时空演化规律,揭示其主要影响因素,以三江平原1980年72组及2019、2020年同期1 092组地下水位统测数据和44组国家地下水监测数据为基础,应用ArcGIS插值分析、栅格代数运算、对比分析等方法,查明了三江平原地下水流场时空演化特征,阐明了不同影响因素对地下水流场演化的控制作用。结果表明:与1980年相比,三江平原地下水位整体呈下降趋势。西部平原区地下水位累计降幅1～5 m的区域面积2.6×104 km2;东部建三江垦区累计降幅大于5 m的区域面积为1.17×104 km2,其中,累计降幅大于10 m的区域面积为3 400 km2,地下水位年均降幅约0.29 m。地下水开采引起地下水流场变化,“西砂、东黏”的水文地质条件促使区域地下水降幅的时空演化差异;水田种植规模的不断扩大引起地下水超采,浅地表黏土层阻挡降水入渗补给,地下水无法实现以丰补欠自平衡,造成了建三江垦区地下水位的持续下降。本研究成果为进一步查清三江平原地下水变化规律和现状特征奠定了基础,为科学指导地下水资源合理开发利用和管理提供了技术支持。     

2020年河北唐山5.1级地震前震源参数变化

利用谱分析方法对河北省测震台网2016年1月—2020年7月唐山老震区(117.5°～119.5°E,39°～41°N)85次M_L≥2.5地震进行震源参数分析,发现该时段唐山老震区应力降范围在0.1～10.3MPa,主要集中在0.1～1.0MPa,其中应力降小于2MPa的地震占81%。当2.5≤M_L≤3.5时,应力降、拐角频率与震级之间无明显的对应关系;ML≥4.0地震较少,但应力降有随震级增大而增大的趋势,拐角频率有随震级增大而减小的趋势。2019年12月5日河北丰南M4.5地震和2020年7月12日唐山M5.1地震之间发生了 7次M_L≥2.5地震,震级范围为2.5≤M_L≤2.8,提取该震级范围的震源参数进行时空分析,发现唐山M5.1地震前有2次明显的高应力降事件,2次高应力降事件呈现出应力降数值高、拐角频率高、震源尺度小的特点,表明单位体积所释放能量较多。2次高应力降事件均发生在唐山M5.1地震震中17km范围内,可能是唐山M5.1地震前震源区构造应力较高的一个标志。     

The Estuarine Quality Paradox, Environmental Homeostasis and the difficulty of detecting anthropogenic stress in naturally stressed areas

Estuaries have long been regarded as environmentally naturally stressed areas because of the high degree of variability in their physico-chemical characteristics, for example oxygen, temperature and salinity in the water column and bed sediment dynamics. However, their biota is well-adapted to cope with that stress and so the areas may be regarded as resilient because of that inherent variability; their ability to absorb stress without adverse effects is regarded here as Environmental Homeostasis. Hence these areas may only be regarded as stressful for marine or freshwater-adapted organisms and that for estuarine organisms this environmental stress is regarded as a subsidy whereby they successfully capitalise on the stressful conditions. In addition, using examples of the estuarine fauna and flora, this article indicates that the characteristics of natural stress in estuaries are similar to those for anthropogenic stress. An over-reliance on ecosystem structural features, such as diversity, in quality indicators therefore makes the detection of the anthropogenic stress more difficult. This difficulty is termed the Estuarine Quality Paradox. Because of these difficulties, the article argues that functional characteristics either as well as or rather than structural ones should be used in detecting environmental perturbations in estuaries.