Microstructural control on the elastic properties of thermally cracked granite

Compressional waves velocity V_P was measured during long-term experiments in a high-pressure vessel (in the range [10–75] MPa for confining and pore pressures). Experiments were carried out on a granite specimen prepared by a controlled heating treatment at 510 °C, which generated thermal cracks.

Data analysis is proposed by using an effective medium approach based on Kachanov's [Appl. Mech. Rev. 45 (1992)304] model. The elastic behaviour of the cracked rock is controlled by the crack density parameter which varies with confining and pore pressures due to crack closure. In order to model the progressive closure of cracks, we assume elliptical cracks with major axis 2c and aspect ratio . By using a conformal mapping technique, we derive the variation of the crack aspect ratio as a function of effective pressure, the effective pressure coefficient η depending on and Poisson's ratio ν₀. As a result, we compute the crack density parameter and the elastic moduli of the cracked rock as a function of confining and pore pressures. To take into account the heterogeneity of the rock sample, a peak-like distribution of crack aspect ratios is introduced, which allows us to calculate the acoustic velocity V_P for various effective pressures.

Comparison is made between theoretical and experimental values and shows that this simple model captures the essential features of the acoustic velocity variation: an increase of V_P when pore pressure is decreased followed by a plateau for a threshold pore pressure. Best consistency between theoretical and experimental velocity values is obtained by introducing a second crack population with a higher mean aspect ratio and an irreversible closure mechanism as effective pressure is cycled.     

Seismic characteristics near the epicenter of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province and its implication

Introduction A great earthquake occurred on Sept. 25 of 1303 (Seventh of Dade, Yuan Dynasty) around Zhaocheng and Hongtong in Shanxi Province. The great earthquake is a very famous one, which is affirmed as the first earthquake with magnitude 8 in Chinese history. The catastrophes took place; meanwhile, huge archives of the disaster were recorded. According to these disaster recordings, the first isoseismal map in China was delineated, which provide us with abundant information of intensi…     

冻土钻孔内温度分布的相关参数研究

介绍了冻土钻孔内温度分布研究的理论基础,其中主要讨论了冲洗介质的质量流量、钻杆杆壁的导热系数、岩石同冲洗介质的热交换强度系数与不稳定热交换系数,以及孔底冲洗介质温度升高值的确定.结合实例分析了边界条件常数、钻杆导热系数与钻杆内和环状间隙中的传热系数对孔内温度分布的影响.孔底温度的上升主要与冲洗介质的质量流量、其初始温度及热容量、孔底碎岩消耗的功率以及钻头结构与物性有关.     

地磁"低点位移"与"磁暴"相结合预测发震时间

用地磁前兆观测手段提供未来中强地震发震时间的依据归为2个：(1)四川及邻区较大区域出现的地磁“低点位移”；(2)发生K≥6的中强“磁暴”。本文讨论了将两者相结合共同预测中强以上地震发震时间，其成功率大有提高。     

A comparative study of buried structure in soil subjected to blast load using 2D and 3D numerical simulations

The response of underground structures subjected to subsurface blast is an important topic in protective engineering. Due to various constraints, pertinent experimental data are extremely scarce. Adequately detailed numerical simulation thus becomes a desirable alternative. However, the physical processes involved in the explosion and blast wave propagation are very complex, hence a realistic and detailed reproduction of the phenomena would require sophisticated numerical models for the loading and material responses. In this paper, a fully coupled numerical model is used to simulate the response of a buried concrete structure under subsurface blast, with emphasis on the comparative performance of 2D and 3D modeling schemes. The explosive charge, soil medium and the RC structure are all incorporated in a single model system. The SPH (smooth particle hydrodynamics) technique is employed to model the explosive charge and the close-in zones where large deformation takes place, while the normal FEM is used to model the remaining soil region and the buried structure. Results show that the 2D model can provide reasonably accurate results concerning the crater size, blast loading on the structure, and the critical response in the front wall. The response in the remaining part of the structure shows noticeable differences between the 2D and 3D models. Based on the simulation results, the characteristics of the in-structure shock environment are also discussed in terms of the shock response spectra.     

国家气象中心新一代业务中期预报系统T213L31

介绍了国家气象中心现行中期数值预报业务系统；介绍了预报模式的基本控制方程，在SP计算机上的实现过程；介绍了全球分析的并行处理方法和全球资料同化系统、后处理系统以及与之相关的配套系统。     

强震预报的连续性方法与丽江7.0级地震预报

作继《云南强震活动的连续性探讨》后，提出云南强震活动的连续性方法：即一次强震前４个月内的中等地震丛集区几何中心１５０公里内地区，在经过数月至数年的孕育后将演变成强震发生区。据此连续性方法，１９９３年１月２７日普洱６．３级地震后即在《震情研究》上预报“未来３－５年省内的７级大震将发生在永胜期纳（２６．４°Ｎ，１００．６°Ｅ）附近地区。另外，缅甸（２２．５°Ｎ，９８°Ｅ）也可能发生７－８级大震”。上     

Numerical simulation of precursors of Gonghe M 7.0 earthquake in Qinghai Province

Based on a simplified media model of Gonghe area, the precursor characteristics of Gonghe M7.0 earthquake in 1990 are simulated in this paper by using the constitutive relationship of binary medium (solid and water). The results show that the simulated state distribution and extension variation of media are identical with the spatial and temporal distribution of reliable anomalies before Gonghe earthquake. The study also suggests that the development of the Gonghe earthquake has experienced a series of processes such as elastic deformation of large scale, early nonelastic dilatation, strain softening and elastic recovery in the neighbour region of Xining, nonelastic dilatation of high dense block near seismic source and earthquake occurrence. Therefore, it can be concluded that this earthquake development is neither a simple process for fissures developing and linking up with one another, nor a process of nonelastic volume expansion and water flowing into medium around seismic source, contrary, it is a complicated medium state changing process, and the style of such changing depends on geological structure environment of seismic source and its neighbour region. It is considered that different earthquakes are accompanied by different geological conditions, the spatial and temporal behavior of their precursors are certainly different.     

Effective relaxation time and viscosity of the earth inferred from the postseismic vertical deformations of the 1990 M S=7.0 Gonghe earthquake

The postseismic vertical deformation rates of the 1990 Gonghe M _S=7.0 earthquake appears to have decreased exponentially. Based on Okada’s coseismic surface displacement solution caused by a uniform fault slip in an elastic homogeneous half space, we derived its postseismic surface displacement by using a single-layer standard linear solid model, and further derived a simplified formula for determining the effective relaxation time and viscosity of the earth, which is independent of the dislocation parameters of the causative fault. From the postseismic vertical deformation of the 1990 Gonghe earthquake, we inferred that the effective relaxation time defined by τ=η/μ is 2.6 years, and the effective viscosity η is about 10¹⁸ Pa · s. This work was supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation under the grants 92088 and 196098.     

DKY95XHP5型钻头及无岩心钻进工艺

ＤＫＹ９５ＸＨＰ５型地勘牙轮钻头采用了楔形硬质合金镶齿、滑动轴承密封润滑，储油和平衡补偿和新型专利喷嘴等先进结构，使用该钻头及配套无岩心钻进工艺，在中硬砂岩和灰岩中钻进，钻探台效提高，单位进尺成本降低。