石膏矿岩三轴压缩蠕变特性试验研究

石膏矿开采多采用房柱法,其蠕变特性对采空区稳定性有重要影响。以荆花石膏矿为背景,利用RC-2000微机控制岩石三轴蠕变试验机,结合具体工程情况,对荆花石膏矿岩进行围压分别为0、2.5、5.0、7.5 MPa的蠕变试验。分析了所得的蠕变试验数据,选取合适的模型对试验曲线进行拟合,利用等时应力-应变曲线簇法求得在不同围压下的长期强度。分析可知,荆花石膏矿蠕变包含衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段,轴向应力较小时只出现衰减蠕变,轴向应变增大到一定程度时将出现衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段。选择西原模型对试验曲线进行拟合结果表明,西原模型能较好地描述石膏矿的蠕变力学特性,拟合相关系数R均大于0.9;在不同围压情况下长期强度与蠕变强度的比值为0.89～0.95,即围压对长期强度的影响不大。研究结论能为石膏矿采空区的稳定性分析提供依据。     

一个描述软黏土时效特性的一维弹黏塑性模型

为了描述软黏土一维应力-应变关系的时效特性,基于Bjerrum的等时间线体系,提出等黏塑性应变率线概念,推导了黏塑性应变率与黏塑性应变增量的关系,建立了软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型;从理论上分析了新建模型与3种典型的一维弹黏塑性时效本构模型的内在联系,表明新建模型与其他3种模型在本质上是等效的,且形式更简洁,物理意义更明确;利用新建模型对软黏土的固结-蠕变耦合效应、应变率效应、应力松弛效应等时效特性进行了理论分析,并得到了相应的解析解;结合宁波软黏土的一维固结试验,阐述了模型参数的确定方法,并用新建模型对宁波软黏土的固结-蠕变试验、温州软黏土的一维多级等应变率试验、香港海相软黏土的一维应力松弛试验进行模拟,验证了新建模型的有效性。研究结果表明,新建模型能很好地模拟软黏土的一维时效特性。     

基于模型理论和遗传蠕变理论的改良膨胀土非线性流变研究

为研究膨胀土非线性流变,取水泥改良膨胀土样进行长期一维压缩试验,得到了改良膨胀土在不同应力水平下的应力-应变等时曲线簇。将曲线反映的非线性流变分解为线性黏弹性蠕变变形、线性黏塑性蠕变变形和非线性黏塑性蠕变变形三部分。基于模型理论和遗传蠕变理论建立了各部分流变模型,其中在线性黏弹性蠕变变形和线性黏塑性蠕变变形部分采用模型理论建立元件模型,在非线性黏塑性蠕变变形部分运用遗传蠕变理论建立积分蠕变方程,结合试验数据拟合出材料和方程参数,用该模型得到的蠕变曲线与实测结果能较好吻合。     

Fluage du sel gemme sous très faibles charges

Long-term creep tests have been performed under very small uniaxial loadings ($\sigma =0.02$ to 0.1 MPa). Testing devices were set in an underground gallery, where temperature fluctuations are in the order of one hundredth of a Celsius degree. The mechanical loading was provided by dead weights. The displacements were measured through special sensors whose resolution is $\mathrm{\Delta }?={10}^{\mathrm{?8}}$. Strain rates as small as $\dot{?}={10}^{\mathrm{?12}}{\text{s}}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ were measured. The tests prove that constitutive laws deduced from tests performed on rock salt samples under standard mechanical loadings cannot be extrapolated to very small loadings. To cite this article: P. Bérest et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

海积软土的固结蠕变性状

实验室软土多级固结蠕变试验成果表明,海积软土具有非线性、不可逆的、与时间相关的固结变形特性。在此基础上,提出了时间效应系数的概念,并构造了反映海积软土一维固结蠕变的本构关系。     

A crack model of creep processes on deep sections of faults

A crack model in antiplane shear configuration is shown representing creep processes interpreted in terms of 'viscous' deformation of a narrow plastic layer, characterized by inhomogeneous rheological properties, embedded within a homogeneous elastic medium. The evolution in time of slip and stress over the crack plane is studied through a truncated expansion in Chebyshev polynomials, and convergence is proved to be fast in the simple examples considered. Finite-stress solutions are found which are compatible with constitutive relations of elasto-plastic materials and furthermore these allow us to simulate creep propagation and stress transfer between locked and unlocked fault segments. This model provides a simple interpretation of the shallow depth of the seismogenic layer observed in several areas of the world and lends itself to modelling creep processes during either post-seismic rebound or pre-seismic stress buildup. Stress transfer is accomplished mostly by the slow extension of the creeping section. During a seismic cycle it is envisaged that different regimes dominate over deep, intermediate and shallow sections of faults: (i) slow pre-seismic stress build-up accompanied by creep and stress migration toward intermediate depths; (ii) brittle fracture over shallow and intermediate sections of faults; (iii) post-seismic rebound over intermediate and deep sections of faults. The present crack model, while providing finite-stress solutions, allows a better understanding of how stress may accommodate at different depths over a fault plane during a seismic cycle.     

三峡泄滩滑坡滑动带土的改进Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程

进行了三峡泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验研究,在此基础上给出了该滑动带土的 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程,即剪应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数来描述土体的流变性质。并根据分段拟合的思想,提出了改进的 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程,即在应变-时间幂函数中使用不同的幂值λ ,来分别模拟滑动带土的衰减、匀速和恒定蠕变。通过对比可知,改进 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程较 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程能更好地模拟流变性较小的滑动带粘土。     

考虑应力应变时间效应的桩基长期沉降计算方法

土体的应力应变时间效应对桩基长期沉降有重要影响。在长期荷载作用下桩基的沉降主要包括两个部分：桩尖刺入量和桩底土体的蠕变压缩沉降。采用Mesri蠕变模型描述土体的蠕变行为，用桩的Mindlin应力公式计算桩端和桩侧荷载在桩端平面以下产生的附加应力，用Boussinesq应力公式计算承台分担荷载产生的应力。分别给出了桩尖刺入量和桩底土体蠕变压缩量的计算方法，从而提出了一种考虑土体蠕变效应的桩基长期沉降计算方法。计算结果与桩基长期监测结果较为吻合，表明在获得可靠的计算参数后可用提出的方法估算桩基长期沉降。     

Salt and ice crystallisation in porous sandstones

Salt and ice crystallisation in the pore spaces causes major physical damage to natural building stones. The damaging effect of these processes can be traced back to physically induced stress inside of the rock while crystallizing. The increasing scientific research done during the past century has shown that there are numerous parameters that have an influence on the weathering resulting from these processes. However, the working mechanisms of the stress development within the rock and its material dependency are still subject to discussion. This article gives an overview of salt and ice weathering. Additionally, laboratory results of various sandstones examined are presented. Salt crystallisation tests and freeze/thaw tests were done to obtain information about how crystallisation weathering depends on material characteristics such as pore space, water transportation, and mechanical features. Simultaneous measuring of the length alternating during the salt and ice crystallisation has revealed detailed information on the development of crystal in the pore spaces as well as the development of stress. These findings can help to understand the damaging mechanisms.     

安徽石台大山地区硒的地球化学研究

通过对安徽石台大山地区硒的分布、迁移、富集特征和地质背景进行地球化学调查,结果表明,岩石中硒质量分数平均2.72×10-6,深层土壤硒质量分数平均1.47×10-6,表层土壤硒质量分数平均1.24×10-6,并且不同母质类型的土壤硒含量不同;硒在土壤剖面上的分布存在空间差异,总体趋势是硒在表土层聚集;土壤中硒表现为离子交换态硒、强有机态硒和腐殖酸结合态硒等易溶态硒所占比例相对较少,可达2%~10%,而碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化态、残渣态等难溶态分别为90%~92%,所占比例较高。硒有效量一般在0.096×10-9,土壤呈酸性至强酸性,处于氧化环境;各类岩石中以含煤岩系中的石煤层含硒量最高,最高达到37.4×10-6,确定硒来源于寒武纪荷塘组含煤岩系。土壤中硒含量受土壤成土母质的控制,同时,表生地球化学作用、生物作用以及人类活动也深刻影响到它们在土壤中的重新分配。