On Methods of Teaching Geography

This study investigates the location and varying spatiality of questions in geography textbooks. The results show that study questions posed in page margins address the three components of spatial thinking—concepts of space, using tools of representation, and processes of reasoning—more than questions in other locations within the text. Three practices are particularly recommended to help students develop spatial thinking skills through answering textbook questions: (1) utilize page-margin questions; (2) select questions around spatial representations; and (3) focus on higher-level cognitive processes.     

山区河流准三维水沙输运与河床演变模拟

在渠道水力学和河流动力学研究的基础上,对不规则河流形态下的纵向流速分布和弯道水流进行了讨论,并分析了任意断面和垂线位置的流场计算公式。在综合各种泥沙动力学研究成果基础之上,探讨了在天然河流中的悬移质输沙能力与沉积条件,分析了河床质起动的控制性因素及推移质输沙方程。提出了受冲淤影响的河床质粒径组成和动态递推公式。结合这些流场与泥沙计算方法及河床形态调整技术,作者提出一个准三维河流动力学模型。该模型只需要河流几何形状、人流条件以及泥沙级配参数,能够模拟出不规则几何形态的河道断面流速分布及平面流场分布,并且对于弯道水流特征与泥沙输送一沉积特征也能得到较好的表现。该模型是对有关河流演变理论和实验成果的综合应用,为研究山区高含沙水流下的河床变形以及洪水演进提供了强有力的工具。     

Periglacial and Fluvial Factors Controlling the Sedimentation of Pleistocene Breccia in NW Poland

Breccias were investigated on the terrace of the Toruń‐Eberswalde ice‐marginal valley at Rozwarzyn (NW Poland). Breccia layers include soft‐sediment clasts with diameters between 2 and 256 mm and soft‐sediment megaclasts with diameters from 256 mm to 7 m. The shape of the soft‐sediment clasts and megaclasts (derived from frozen sediments) in the breccia is diverse: from angular and irregular in the case of debris‐flow breccias to slightly rounded and tabular in fluvial breccias. These two types of breccias were developed during the Late Weichselian when the periglacial climate favored extensive lateral erosion by currents of frozen braided channels in the ice‐marginal valley. The dual presence of breccias of fluvial and debris‐flow origin in channel deposits is unique for Quaternary sediments. Zones of breccias existed in the channels where scours and obstacle marks related to megaclasts developed. The study of breccias shed new light on the fluvial processes in ice‐marginal valleys during the Pleistocene and can be considered as diagnostic for fluvio‐periglacial conditions.     

流域生态水文模型研究进展

流域生态水文模型是全球变化下流域生态水文响应研究的重要工具,通过定量刻画植被与水文过程的相互作用及全球变化对流域生态水文过程演变的影响机制,为流域水资源管理和生态恢复提供科学支撑,是生态水文研究的前沿和热点.基于植被与水文过程相互作用规律,流域生态水文模型一方面要充分描述植被与水文过程相互作用和互为反馈机制,另一方面要...     

LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS OF SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT BY FREEZING SUPERCOOLED WATER

Debris in basal ice produced by glaciohydraulic supercooling is typically characterized by high proportions of silt. A prominent hypothesis for this silt‐dominance is that frazil ice growing in supercooled water preferentially traps silt from sediment‐laden water percolating through it. It has therefore been suggested that silt‐dominance may be diagnostic of glaciohydraulic supercooling. The aim of our work is to test this hypothesis that freezing sediment‐laden supercooled water necessarily produces ice dominated by silt. We do this by simulating two freezing processes under laboratory conditions: (1) percolation of sediment‐laden water through frazil ice; (2) turbulent supercooling and subsequent freezing of sediment‐laden water. In experiments repeated using different particle sizes (sand, silt and clay in individual experiments) both processes entrained sand most effectively and silt least effectively. In experiments using a sediment mixture dominated by medium to coarse silt, both processes produced ice facies dominated by particle sizes between fine sand and coarse silt. These results suggest that silt‐dominance should therefore not be expected for supercooled freeze‐on, and is not a reliable diagnostic signature for supercooling. The silt‐dominated character of basal ice types associated with supercooling may result from other controls such as a silt‐dominated sediment supply or subglacial water flow rates, rather than the freezing process.     

Reinterpretation of the Original Dekalb Mounds in Illinois

The enigmatic DeKalb mounds in north-central Illinois, United States, are oval, inactive hillocks of Wisconsinan age. They have heights up to 5 m, lengths up to 1 km, and are composed either of till and lacustrine sediment with a thin cap of loess, or entirely of outwash. They are underlain by one till member within a large depression that is flanked by higher, elevated, morainic till members. Different origins have been proposed for the DeKalb mound field but the only previous in-depth study identified them as pingo remnants, presumably due to the degradation of significant ground ice and permafrost. However, the investigators who reported this viewed their own hypothesis as problematical. These problems can be resolved by correlating the relict Illinois landforms to relict glacial landforms that show similar morphologies and field relationships in Saskatchewan, Canada, and North Dakota, United States. In this study, the DeKalb mounds are presumed to have developed from an intricate set of glacial dead-ice and mass movement processes. This reinterpretation reflects a range of either discontinuous permafrost or negative permafrost within the paleoenvironment.     

地理-生态过程视角的城市系统研究

快速城市化、区域一体化与全球环境变化背景下,地理-生态视角的城市系统格局、过程与机制研究已成为国内外关注的焦点和热点.文章从地理-生态过程视角,对城市空间过程与机制、人文过程与机制、城市系统代谢过程与效率以及城市发展位势的竞合机制等进行了综述.指出综合运用宏观与微观相结合的现代科学路径,从功能空间角度解构城市系统,深入...     

Use of Factor Analysis to Study the Distribution of Metalliferous Bauxitic Tailings in the Seabed of the Gulf of Corinth,Greece

In 1994, a detailed marine environmental survey was carried out in surface sediments of the northern flank (Antikyra Bay) and the basin floor of the Gulf of Corinth. Metalliferous tailings (red-mud slurry) of a bauxite processing plant are discharged through a pipeline at a water depth of 100 m, in the Antikyra Bay, covering an area of 16 km². The bauxitic tailings are detached from the main deposit at the outfalls, flow as turbidity currents downslope, and are redeposited on the basin floor of the Gulf of Corinth, where they cover an area of about 277 km². One hundred sediment samples, that were collected from red-mud deposits and the surrounding natural sediments, were analyzed for Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, and Zn concentrations. Statistical analysis of the heavy metals concentrations using factor analysis allowed (i) an examination of the interrelations among metals and (ii) distinguishing possible sample groups on the basis of metal concentrations in order to study the mechanisms of transport of the red mud and the degree of mixing with natural sediments. Factor 1 (Al, Cr, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Pb, Ag, Hg, V, Cd, and Cu) and the positive pole of Factor 2 (Cu, Ag, Cd, and Hg) are red-mud factors, reflecting different metal behaviors, which are related to processes that take place during the transport and redeposition of the red mud. The negative poles of Factors 2 and 3 and the positive pole of Factor 4 are related to natural sediment supply processes. Q-mode factor analysis identifies three distinct sediment groups located in different areas, on the base of the degree of mixing of red mud with natural sediments.