The Internal Energy of a PV = RT Gas: A Univariable or Multivariable Function

Historically, the characterization of the internal energy of a simple gas is based on free expansion experiments and imprecise use of the word function, which is rigorously defined in mathematics. Univariable equations of state show that the internal energy of simple monatomic, diatomic, and polyatomic gases can be expressed as a function of temperature only. However, multivariable equations of state derived from composite functions confirm that the internal energy of these gases can in each situation also be expressed as a function of pressure and volume only. It is essential that the mathematical definition of the word function be adhered to in science because it is fundamental for the formulation of the calculus, a mathematical tool essential for solving a variety of thermodynamics problems.     

数值微分插值及其应用

以平面区域内偏微分方程定解问题的离散代数方程组为基础,给出了由平面区域内任意分布点上的值求整个区域中值的一种新播值方法──数值微分插值．该方法可直接推广到一维和高维空间的区域中,有较广的应用背景。     

The diffusion of Hong Kong cultural values to Mainland China: a case study in Shenzhen

Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｎＪｕｌｙ1,1997,ＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇｗａｓｒｅｕｎｉｔｅｄｗｉｔｈＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｂｅｃａｍｅｐａｒｔｏｆＰＲＣ.ＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｂａｒｒｉｅｒｓｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＢｒｉｔｉｓｈｒｕｌｅｓｏｖｅｒＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇ,ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａｗｉｌｌｕｎｄｏｕｂｔｅｄｌｙｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔ.Ｉｎｆａｃｔ,ｉｎｔｅｒａｃ…     

共转换点道集的迭代算法及应用

对转换波共转换点道集选取进行了详细的研究,对水平层状和倾斜情况下共转换点的选取建立了统一的迭代公式,分析了影响共转换点选取的因素,给出了共转换面元的一般原则,最后给出了实际处理结果。     

差异扩散速度与晶体形态标型

本文依据矿物晶体结晶时不同结晶离子对晶体结晶的作用不同,提出了差异扩散速度控制晶体形态的观点。文中论述了差异扩散速度的产生及影响因素,指出外部因素（温度、压力、粘度、酸碱度等）是通过离子的扩散速度变化来主导占位选择和形成优势面网,最终形成反映差异扩散速度的晶体形态。用差异扩散速度来解释矿物的晶体形态标型,比较全面地考虑各种外部因素的共同作用,从而避免了文中列举的片面性。此外,文中还探讨了晶体的生长方式、优势面网的产生和产生的必要条件以及相对衍射强度与优势面网的关系。     

地史中煤层甲烷扩散散失作用的数值模拟

以扩散传质微分方程为基础,建立游离甲烷在盖层中扩散散失的数学模型,并对不同地质条件进行模拟计算。结果表明扩散作用是游离态煤层甲烷散失的重要途径之一,扩散散失速度与储、盖层特征、煤层有机质热成熟历史等有关;烃浓度封闭对阻滞煤层甲烷的扩散散失起了重要的作用。     

Duration of Eo-Alpine metamorphic events obtained from multicomponent diffusion modeling of garnet: a case study from the Eastern Alps

Rocks from the Micaschist–Marble Complex of the Wölz Tauern, which are part of the middle Austroalpine unit, contain large (up to 2 cm) garnet crystals that show clear evidence of multistage growth. Isotopic dating indicates that a Variscan (～270 Ma) garnet core was overgrown by new garnet formed during Eo-Alpine metamorphism at Cretaceous times. P-T paths for the Eo-Alpine metamorphism were obtained using the method of pseudosections (Powell and Holland in Metam Geol 16:309–343, 1998) and are consistent with earlier results from independent thermobarometry. Due to the large size of the garnets, growth zoning was preserved during amphibolite facies metamorphism at both Variscan and Alpine times. Full multicomponent diffusion modeling of compositional zoning at the interface of the Alpine and Pre-Alpine garnets in conjunction with the retrieved P-T paths allow average subduction/exhumation as well as heating/cooling rates to be retrieved. The modeling suggests that a minimum subduction/exhumation rate of ～4 cm/a and heating/cooling rates on the order of 100–260°C/Ma for a 60°C subduction angle are required to preserve the observed compositional zoning overall while modifying the zoning at the interface between two garnets to the extent observed. Such rapid rates of burial/exhumation are consistent with the results of direct GPS measurements of convergence rates at several orogenic belts as well as with inferred rates from modeling in the Alps and other areas. In combination, this indicates that such rapid rates are commonplace during metamorphism in collisional orogens and places important constraints on the rheological behavior of crustal blocks in such orogens.     

A preliminary study on vegetation-erosion dynamics and its applications

The development of vegetation in mountainous and hilly areas depends on the local climate, precipitation, soil texture, parent material, topography, soil erosion, types of land use and human activities. Among them, soil erosion is an important natural factor and impacts the vegetation development directly and indirectly, changing the morphology and even changing the cli-mate. An erosion-induced efflux of carbon is about 1.14 billion tons per year totally from soil to the at-mosphere, which gen…     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Mg–Fe interdiffusion rates in wadsleyite and the diffusivity jump at the 410-km discontinuity

Mg–Fe interdiffusion rates have been measured in wadsleyite aggregates at 16.0–17.0 GPa and 1230–1530 °C by the diffusion couple method. Oxygen fugacity was controlled using the NNO buffer, and water contents of wadsleyite were measured by infrared spectroscopy. Measured asymmetric diffusion profiles, analyzed using the Boltzmann–Matano equation, indicate that the diffusion rate increases with increasing iron concentration and decreasing grain size. In the case of wadsleyite containing 50–90 weight ppm H₂O, the Mg–Fe interdiffusion coefficients at compositions of Mg/(Mg + Fe)=0.95 in the coarse-grained region (about 60 m) and 0.90 in the fine-grained region (about 6 m) were determined to be a D_Xmg = 0.95 (m² s^–1)=1.24 × 10^–9 exp[–172 (kJ mol^–1)/RT] and D_Xmg = 0.90 (m² s^–1)=1.77 × 10^–9 exp[–143 (kJ mol^–1)/RT], respectively. Grain-boundary diffusion rates were estimated to be about 4 orders of magnitude faster than the volume diffusion rate. Grain-boundary diffusion dominates when the grain size is less than a few tens of microns. Results for the nominally dry diffusion couple in the present study are roughly consistent with previous studies, taking into account differences in pressure and grain size, although water contents of samples were not clear in previous studies. We observed that the diffusivity is enhanced by about 1 order of magnitude in wadsleyite containing 300–2100 wt. ppm H₂O at 1230 °C, which is almost identical to the enhancement associated with a 300 °C increase in temperature. It is still not conclusive that a jump in diffusivity exists between olivine and wadsleyite because water contents of olivine in previous diffusion studies and effects of water on the olivine diffusivity are uncertain.