中国耕地利用集约度结构变化及其区域差异

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper divided the intensity of cultivated land use into labor intensity and capital intensity, and then analyzed their temporal and spatial change at both national and provincial levels between 1980 and 2006. The results showed that: (1) At the national level, labor intensity on food produce decreased from 398.5 day/ha in 1980 to 130.25 day/ha in 2006; and a continuous decrease with a steep decline between 1980 and 1986, a slower decline from 1987 to 1996, and another steep decline from 1997 to 2006. On the contrary, capital intensity shows an increasing trend since 1980. As to the internal composition of capital intensity, the proportion of seed, chemical fertilizer and pesticide input decreased from 90.36% to 73.44% and the proportion of machinery increased from 9.64% to 26.56%. The less emphasis on yield-increasing input and more emphasis on labor-saving input are the main reasons for a slow increase of yield per unit area after 1996. (2) At the provincial level, the developed areas have lower labor intensity and higher capital intensity. The less developed ones have higher labor intensity but lower capital intensity. From the viewpoint of the internal composition of capital intensity, labor-saving input accounts for more proportion in the developed areas than that of other areas. The main reason is that in these developed areas, labor input has become a constraint factor in food production as more and more labors engaged in off-farm work. Farmers increase the labor-saving input for higher labor productivity. However, in the less developed areas, the major constraint is the shortage of capital; food production is still depending on labor and yield-increasing inputs.     

中国区域投入产出效率的综合测度与时空格局

改革开放40多年来,中国经济发展与资源环境之间的矛盾日益突出,资源环境安全面临严峻的挑战。在此背景下,基于要素投入和经济、环境总产出的综合视角,构建区域投入产出效率评价指标体系,应用数据包络分析方法,采用CCR模型、Super-CCR模型,测算1995-2015年间不同时期中国各省区市的投入产出效率,并对其变化趋势及空间分异进行分析。结果表明,全国投入产出效率在波动中呈上升态势,特别是2010年之后投入产出效率提升较明显;2015年,中国区域投入产出效率呈较明显的由东向西、由北向南逐渐降低的空间格局分异。分区域看,东部地区投入产出效率相对最高,其中北京、天津、广东等省市的上升态势明显;东北地区投入产出效率整体偏低,特别是黑龙江的投入产出效率表现为持续下降;中部各省投入产出效率普遍不高,但河南相对较高且2010年较之前提升明显;西部地区投入产出效率的省际差异明显,其中西南各省投入产出效率下降态势较明显。     

Mechanism and bounding of earthquake energy input to building structure on surface ground subjected to engineering bedrock motion

The mechanism of earthquake energy input to building structures is clarified by considering the surface ground amplification and soil–structure interaction. The earthquake input energies to superstructures, soil–foundation systems and total swaying–rocking system are obtained by taking the corresponding appropriate free bodies into account and defining the energy transfer functions. It has been made clear that, when the ground surface motion is white, the input energy to the swaying–rocking model is constant regardless of the soil property (input energy constant property). The upper bound of earthquake input energy to the swaying–rocking model is derived for the model including the surface ground amplification by taking full advantage of the above-mentioned input energy constant property and introducing the envelope function for the transfer function of the surface ground amplification. Extension of the theory to a general earthquake ground motion model at the engineering bedrock is also made by taking full advantage of the above-mentioned input energy constant property.     

南沙海区晚第四纪的碳酸盐旋回

根据水深200～2 800m范围内的17个沉积柱状样分析结果,讨论南沙海区晚第四纪沉积中碳酸钙相对含量的垂向和横向变化。南沙海区的碳酸盐旋回普遍属于"大西洋型",冰期时含量低、间冰期含量高,反映出陆源物输入量的控制作用。在平面上,南沙海区的碳酸钙含量与纬度几乎呈线性关系,由北向南递减,冰期时趋势不变而梯度加大。南海南部陆坡由于集水盆地处于热带湿热条件而且有大河注入海区,使碳酸钙含量相对北部陆坡为低。     

三维波动方程基准面校正方法的应用研究

波动方程基准面校正处理被认为是当地表高程变化剧烈、地表一致性假设又不成立的情况下对于常规高程基准面校正的必要替代. 在二维波动方程基准面校正方面,前人已经作了大量工作,并且在实际应用中获得了良好的效果,应该将其进一步推广到三维. 本文采用三维频率空间域有限差分波场延拓算子以“逐步－累加”的方式实现了三维波动方程基准面校正,并对实际数据进行了处理. 对于西部某三维数据的实际计算结果表明,相对于传统的模型法高程静校正,波动方程基准面校正更合理地实现了基准面校正,有助于提高后续的速度分析精度和成像质量.     

豫西嵩县盆地周边地区地震空区地质环境初探

通过时豫西嵩县中～新生代断陷盆地构造类型、断裂发育及其活动程度的初步分析，认为该盆地及其邻区具有断裂发育规模小、新构造活动程度低、盆内无次级断裂及其所围限的地堑和地垒断块构造发育等特征，从而形成了被深断裂割开的地震空区     

中国城镇建设用地投入效益研究

 面对人多地少、位处工业化、城镇化加速发展阶段的现实状况,如何合理、有效配置（利用）土地资源成为我国当前可持续发展研究中的重要内容,而城镇建设用地投入效益评价则为土地资源的合理配置提供了理论依据和科学参考,为此对其进行评价具有重要的理论和现实意义。基于城镇建设用地投入效益的界定,认为其是一个基于生产性要素投入产出效率、人工复合生态系统内在经济、社会、生态环境效益耦合协调性、空间载荷强度及区域关系、制度安排合理程度的客观反映,据此构建评价体系,并以我国30个省（自治区、直辖市）为研究单元进行实证研究。结果表明：（1）我国城镇建设用地投入效益呈现出：水平特征——粗放、低效增长,内在经济、社会、生态环境系统耦合协调水平低,空间特征——分异明显,整体呈现出东部地区>西部地区>东北地区>中部地区的地理格局;（2）经济效益（3.500 5）>社会效益（3.019 3）>生态环境效益（1.332 9）的格局,在某种程度上映射出我国现有的宏观发展战略,存在重公平、忽视效率的弊端,严重扭曲了区际价值关系（“人人”矛盾尖锐）。为各省区配置城镇建设用地,进行区际生态补偿、财政转移支付以及省区内社会、经济、生态环境的协调可持续发展等提供了参考。     

Resonance and criticality measure of ground motions via probabilistic critical excitation method

Resonant characteristics of recorded ground motions are investigated and a new measure of criticality of ground motions is proposed. Four classes of recorded ground motions, i.e., (i) near fault motions (rock records), (ii) near fault motions (soil records), (iii) long duration motions (rock records) and (iv) long duration motions (soil records), are taken from Abrahamson N, Ashford S, Elgamal A, Kramer S, Seible F, Somerville P, Proc of First PEER Workshop on Characterization of Special Source Effects, 1998. It is shown that resonant characteristics of recorded ground motions can be captured appropriately by means of the probabilistic critical excitation method due to the present author regardless of the type of ground motions and the distance between the critical response and the actual one can be a new measure of criticality of ground motions. The time-averaged approximate treatment of nonstationary ground motions as stationary ones is shown to be adequate for structures with shorter natural periods subjected to long duration ground motions.     

大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式研究

地震动输入是大跨度桥梁地震反应分析的重要一环。从明确大跨度拱桥的临界跨度入手,探讨了大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式中的行波效应、三向输入及其地震动选取问题。基于某大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥,建立了有限元分析模型,考查了行波效应及三向地震动输入对拱关键截面内力、减隔震支座位移及粘滞阻尼器冲程的影响。结果表明:给出的大跨度拱桥临界跨度确定方法合理,行波效应对拱顶轴力有重要影响,不考虑三向地震动同时作用会明显低估大跨度拱桥的地震反应。确定大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式时需考虑行波效应与三向地震动同时输入。