中国西部汛期降水的时空演变分析

用中国西部１０省区（１１０°Ｅ以西）１３０个站的月降水资料，分析夏半年４—１０月的月降水相对系数、月际和年际标准差变化特征。结果表明，各地区受不同降水体系影响，降水在时空上的差异很大。天山北部主要受西风带降水体系影响，月际降水差异不大；西北地区受西太平洋副热带高压雨带影响，降水具有西进北抬尔后东退南辙的特征；高原季风雨带对四川西部、云南和西藏有明显影响，雨季从东南向西北开始，而结束与此相反。月际和年际标准差表明，在以南疆盆地为主的东北—西南一带地区的标准差为高值区，而该地区以东和以北地区的标准差呈逐渐减小趋势     

上海天文台大铯钟的研究与现状

本文介绍了上海天文台长铯束管束光学系统改进扫得的７条拉比台跃迁曲线和７条莱姆塞跃过曲线及连续开机四个月得到的数据．     

射电天文测量微波天线增益的测量技术

本文介绍了用四种定标基准ΔＴｃ＝（Ｔ０－ＴＬ），（ＴＨ－Ｔ０），（Ｔ０－ＴＡＮｚ）和（Ｔ０－ＴＨＮｚ），并用射电源作为校准测量微波天线增益的基本原理和方法。并对四种不同类型的天线增益进行了测量，测量结果表明，以ΔＴｃ＝（Ｔ０－ＴＨＮｚ）和总功率辐射计所组成的测量系统可实施增益的高精度测量。测量设备可以和接收系统兼容，不需专用测量设备，因此该技术可在工程中广泛使用。     

江淮地区ERA-Interim再分析与观测温度资料对比分析

通过对比江淮地区1992-2016年08和20时的ERA-Interim再分析资料与观测资料的温度要素,发现它们在垂直方向上的偏差存在从低层到高层先减小后增大的特点,对流层低层各站偏差的空间差异明显,到中高层各站偏差趋于一致。偏差存在明显年际变化,500 hPa及以上等压面在2000年前后再分析资料比观测资料存在由偏低向偏高的转折;除地面外,其他高度上两种资料的平均绝对偏差均呈显著减小趋势。在偏差的月际分布上,地面和500 hPa以上高度再分析资料普遍比观测资料偏高,各高度上平均绝对偏差在8-9月最小。进一步对各天气现象下两种资料比较发现,雪、雨夹雪、冰粒子和冻雨天气发生时,地面至1000 hPa和850 hPa上再分析资料比观测资料偏高;大雾天气发生时,再分析资料比观测资料在1000 hPa偏高幅度明显高于地面。可见,在江淮地区使用ERA-Interim再分析温度资料判别降水相态时,大气边界层和850 hPa温度需慎重使用,近地层虚假逆温对大雾判别会产生很大影响。     

秦皇岛地区雨滴谱仪和雷达探测的反射率因子差异分析研究

利用布设在秦皇岛市抚宁地区的OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和卢龙地区S波段天气雷达,对2017—2019年4—9月共23次降水过程进行了观测,并分析了基于雨滴谱参数(滴谱粒子数N(D)和粒子直径大小D₀)计算的雷达反射率因子Z_D和雷达探测的雷达反射率因子Z_R的差异Z_C。结果表明,N(D)主要集中在130～530个范围内,Z_C标准差随着N(D)的增大而逐渐减少;D₀主要集中在0.8～1.6 mm范围内,Z_C标准值在D₀<1.2 mm范围内随着D₀的增大而逐渐减少,D₀在1.2～1.6 mm范围内趋于稳定;Z_D主要集中在15～40 dBZ范围内,Z_C标准差在15～35 dBZ范围内随着Z_D值增大而减小。     

长距离非开挖穿越技术在岩石层、砂层的施工实践

立沙油品储运项目输油管道东江穿越工程,管道穿越水平距离为1085m。穿越地层主要为不同风化程度的花岗岩及砂层等复杂地层,其中穿越最硬岩石单轴饱和抗压强度达到36．7MPa,采用大型非开挖水平定向钻机进行施工。简述了施工测量及确定方位角、钻导向孔、扩孔及管道回拖等主要施工过程。通过采用加设直径300mm导向套管、布置人工磁场等施工措施,有效地保证了穿越轨迹与设计曲线重合;存泥浆中添加堵漏剂等外加剂,防止泥浆从岩石裂隙巾流失;在施工至砂层时增加泥浆粘度及添加润滑剂等措施防止塌孔．同时减小扩孔及回拖阻力：采用开挖发送沟并在沟内灌水,使管道存孔内保持悬浮状态等措施以减少管道的摩擦阻力,确保管道顺利回拖。     

Variational method for objective analysis of scalar variable and its derivative

In this study real time data have been used to compare the standard and triangle method by performing the objective analysis of mean sea level pressure. In the standard method, derivative fields are obtained from the grid point data using finite difference scheme whereas in the triangle method, a set of non-overlapping triangles are formed from the observations and the scalar and the spatial derivatives are computed directly at the centroid of each of the non-overlapping triangles. These scalars and their derivatives are then mapped to uniform grids by using the standard method. It has been found that objectively analysed scalar field obtained using standard method is superior to the scalar field derived by the triangle method, whereas the derivative fields produced by triangle method are superior to the derivative fields produced using standard method. A variational objective analysis scheme has been developed and an experiment has been carried out with depression case of June (11–15) 2004. It is found that the new scheme (variational) is able to extract the better parts of both triangle and standard methods. The results of this study will be useful in carrying out diagnostic calculations that involve derivative estimates.     

A study on the identification of liquefaction-induced failures on ground surface based on the data from the 1999 Kocaeli and Chi-Chi earthquakes

One of the major causes of earthquake damage is liquefaction. However, it doesn't result in severe harm unless it leads to ground surface damage or ground failure. Therefore, prediction of potential for ground surface damage due to liquefaction is one of the important issues in microzonation studies for liquefaction-induced damage in areas with high seismicity. In 1985, based on a database compiled from Chinese and Japanese earthquakes, Ishihara considered the influence of the non-liquefied cap soil on the occurrence or non-occurrence of ground failure (mainly sand boiling), and proposed an empirical approach to predict the potential for ground surface damage at sites susceptible to liquefaction. However, some investigators indicated that this approach is not generally valid for sites susceptible to lateral spread or ground oscillation. In this study, a contribution to improve the approach by Ishihara is made. For the purpose, an index called liquefaction severity index (LSI) and data from two devastating earthquakes, which occurred in Turkey and Taiwan in 1999, were employed. The data from liquefied and non-liquefied sites were grouped and then analysed. Based on the observations reported by reconnaissance teams who visited both earthquake sites and the results of the liquefaction potential analyses using the filed-performance data, a chart to assess the potential for ground surface disruption at liquefaction-prone areas was produced. The analyses suggest that the procedure proposed by Ishihara is quite effective particularly for the occurrence of sand boils, while the bounds suggested in this method generally may not be valid for the prediction of liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption at sites susceptible to lateral spreading. The chart proposed in this study shows an improvement over the Ishihara's approach for predicting the liquefaction-induced ground surface damage. The microzonation maps comparing the liquefaction sites observed along the southern shore of Izmit Bay and in Yuanlin, and the surface damage and non-damage zones predicted from the proposed chart can identify accurately the liquefaction (sand boiling and lateral spreading) and no-liquefaction sites.     

超宽带双向到达时间测距的室内动态定位方法

针对超宽带室内定位系统中的标准偏差和非视距误差问题,该文设计了一种基于改进卡尔曼滤波动态定位方法。该方法首先针对双向到达时间测距信息进行标定,利用线性拟合剔除测距信息中的标准偏差,针对超宽带平面定位系统中的非线性量测方程推导得到线性化的量测方程,将改正后的测距信息作为改进卡尔曼滤波量测信息,通过设定阈值调整卡尔曼滤波增益,从而剔除非视距误差。实验结果表明,该方法能有效抑制标准偏差和非视距误差的影响,视距环境下能达到厘米级精度,非视距环境下亚分米级精度,实现室内环境下的高精度动态定位。     

地震测点误差对地震学参量的影响分析

采用随机干扰方法，在地震观测误差容许值范围内，对地震观测资料进行人为随机干扰。在此基础上，使用干扰前后的资料对b值、η值、地震活动度S值、活动标度H值、等效地震M和频度N等6种地震学参量进行偏差分析，研究地震观测误差对地震学参量的影响。