改进的岩质凸块的超载储备极限平衡法

脱离模式是块体理论提出的有限可动块体的失稳模式之一。虽然直接塌落是地下工程中最常见的失稳现象,但是目前依然缺少适用的定量分析方法,这使得地下工程的开挖和加固设计缺乏必要的理论支撑。为此,提出了一种改进的考虑渐进破坏的岩块稳定分析方法。主要改进了3处：(1)引入超载基数和超载方向两个参数来量化描述储备荷载;(2)提出了Tan和Scal两种超载基数设定方式;(3)超载方向设定在节理锥的边界扇面上。算例验证结果表明,改进方法完全兼容现有双面滑模式的安全系数算法,实现了脱离模式的定量稳定性分析。最后,讨论了改进方法的刚度参数取值方法及其敏感性。     

岩土破损力学:结构块破损机制与二元介质模型

沈珠江等在总结岩土材料的基本特性、分析理论和研究方法的基础上,提出了岩土破损力学理论框架和二元介质模型概念。基于岩土二元介质模型思想,近年来在试验、理论和数值模拟方面对结构性岩土材料进行了详细研究。通过对棒状和棱柱状结构块试件的平面试验,探讨了结构性岩土材料的破损机制,并发现了在受荷过程中结构块逐渐破损并转化为软弱带二者共同抵抗外部作用,即验证了二元介质模型对结构性岩土材料力学抽象的正确性;扩展了岩土二元介质模型对岩土材料的脆性变化进行了模拟,并与结构性土和砂岩的三轴试验结果进行了验证;基于二元介质模型概念,发展了一种模拟岩土材料破损过程的细观数值方法,同时提出了适用于结构性岩土材料的强度准则。     

PROGRESS IN APPLICATION OF GNSS TO DIVISION OF ACTIVE TECTONIC BLOCKS IN CONTINENTAL CHINA

Chinese scientists proposed that large earthquakes that occurred in mainland China are controlled by the movement and deformation of active tectonic blocks. This scientific hypothesis explains zoned phenomenon of seismicity in space. The active tectonic blocks are intense active terranes formed in late Cenozoic and late Quaternary, and the tectonic activity of block boundaries is the intensest. Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)has advantages of high spatio-temporal resolution, broad coverage, and high accuracy, and is utilized to monitor contemporary crustal deformation. High accuracy and resolution of GNSS velocity field within mainland China and vicinities provided by previous studies clearly demonstrate that different active tectonic blocks behave as different patterns of movement and deformation, and block interaction boundaries have intense tectonic deformation. The paper firstly introduces the GPS networks operated by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC)since 1999, and GNSS data processing methods, including GAMIT, BERNESE and GIPSY/OASIS, and discusses the advantages of using South China block as a regional reference frame for GNSS velocity field, then proposes three strategies of block division, F-test, quasi-accurate detection(QUAD), and clustering analysis. Furthermore, we introduce rigid and non-rigid block motions. Rigid block motion can be denoted by translation and rotation, while non-rigid block motion can be described by rigid motion and internal strain deformation. Internal strain deformation can be divided into uniform and linear strains. We also review the usage of F-test to distinguish whether the block acts as rigid deformation or not. In addition, combining with recent GNSS velocity results, we elaborate the characteristics of present movement of rigid block, such as the South China, Tarim, Ordos, Alashan, and Northeast China, and that of non-rigid block, such as the Tibetan plateau, Tian Shan, and North China plain. Especially, the Tibetan plateau and Tian Shan seem to deform continuously with significant internal deformation. In order to enrich and perfect the active tectonic block hypothesis, we should carefully design dense GNSS networks in inner blocks and block boundaries, optimize utilizing other space geodesy technologies such as InSAR, and strengthen combining study of geodesy, seismogeology and geophysics. Through systematic summary, this paper is very useful to employing GNSS to investigate characteristics of block movement and dynamics of large earthquakes happening in block interaction boundaries.     

The Deformation of Active Tectonic Blocks on the Chinese Mainland and Its Relationship with Seismic Activity

Based on the hypothesis of the active tectonic blocks on the Chinese continent and its adjacent regions (both the method of the DDA on a spherical surface and the GPS survey results observed from 1991 to 2001 are used), the movements and deformations of each active tectonicblock are calculated. The calculation results show that although the movements and deformations of active tectonic-blocks in the eastern region and in the western region of China are different, active tectonic blocks in the same active tectonic block region are coherent.Then, the relative velocities of the active tectonic-blocks‘ boundary zones are calculated, and the relationship between current crustal motion and strong seismic activities is discussed. Earthquakes (Ms≥7.0) on the Chinese continent since 1988 all occurred on boundary zones of active tectonic blocks with high slipping speed.     

现今区域活动块体划分方法研究

本文提出的将拟准检定法与DDA正分析方法相结合进行区域活动块体的划分，改善了观测资料缺乏区域的活动块体划分结果，为完整地研究区域活动块体运动变形提供了一种思路。另外，以川滇地区为实例，对该方法的具体实施作了简单的介绍。     

Criteria for initiation of motion of rigid bodies to base excitation

It is known that when an unanchored rigid body is placed on a horizontal base which oscillates horizontally, it may undergo one of four modes of motion: rest, slide, slide–rock and rock. Initiation of a rigid body into these modes depends on the slenderness ratio of the body, the coefficient of friction between the body and the base and the acceleration of the base. In this study, the coefficient of friction and the base acceleration are considered random. For specific probability distributions of the coefficient of friction and the peak base acceleration, and for various values of the mean and standard deviation of the two random variables, the probabilities of occurrence of these modes of motion are obtained for a body of given slenderness ratio. It is shown that randomness of the coefficient of friction and base peak acceleration should not be ignored. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on the Dividing Method for Present-Day Regional Active Block

INTRODUCTIONThe constant accumulation of large-range ,high-accuracy GPS observation data makes it possibleto studythe crustal movement in a range as large as possible .The demarcation of crustal blocks withdifferent deformation trends in the studied area and the elimination of the abnormal deformationinformation withinthe blocks ,are prerequisites to gain a correct acquisition of all parameters of theblock movement .The methods of dividing active blocks mainlyinclude 2 classes :one is ba…     

Controlled overturning of unanchored rigid bodies

Typical small hospital and laboratory equipment and general supplies cannot be anchored to resist earthquake motions. In order to protect these non‐structural components, a common procedure is to provide barriers to restrain overturning of objects on shelves and other furniture. In many cases this option is not available, especially for hospital equipment, because of other functional requirements. This work presents an alternative approach. The method proposed here does not avoid overturning, but controls the direction of overturning by providing an inclination to the support base so that the overturning occurs in a preferential direction towards a safe area. For example, objects on shelves, could overturn towards the inside or a wall, and equipment on tables could overturn away from the edge. In both cases this would not only reduce the damage to the particular items, but reduce the amount of debris on the floor. In order to determine the proper inclination of the base, specific rigid bodies are analytically evaluated for bi‐directional excitation obtained from 314 earthquake records, in approximately 7500 cases. For each case, several inclination angles are evaluated. Finally, a parametric curve is adjusted to the data, given a relation between angle of inclination and percentage of controlled overturning cases. In all cases a 7° angle gives more than 98% confidence of controlled overturning. The design expressions were later compared with experimental results obtained on a six‐degree‐of‐freedom shake table; confirming the analytical expressions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and analytical studies on earthquake resisting behaviour of confined concrete block masonry structures

To improve the seismic performance of masonry structures, confined masonry that improves the seismic resistance of masonry structures by the confining effect of surrounding bond beams and tie columns is constructed. This study investigated the earthquake resisting behaviour of confined masonry structures that are being studied and constructed in China. The structural system consists of unreinforced block masonry walls with surrounding reinforced concrete bond beams and tie columns. The characteristics of the structure include: (1) damage to blocks is reduced and brittle failure is avoided by the comparatively lower strength of the joint mortar than that of the blocks, (2) the masonry walls and surrounding reinforced concrete bond beams and tie columns are securely jointed by the shear keys of the tie columns. In this study, wall specimens made of concrete blocks were tested under a cyclic lateral load and simulated by a rigid body spring model that models non‐linear behaviour by rigid bodies and boundary springs. The results of studies outline the resisting mechanism, indicating that a rigid body spring model is considered appropriate for analysing this type of structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RDAN97: An Analytical Development of Rigid Earth Nutation Series Using the Torque Approach

New series of rigid Earth nutations for the angular momemtum axis, the rotation axis and the figure axis, named RDAN97, are computed using the torque approach. Besides the classical J2 terms coming from the Moon and the Sun, we also consider several additional effects: terms coming from J3 and J4 in the case of the Moon, direct and indirect planetary effects, lunar inequality, J2 tilt, planetary‐tilt, effects of the precession and nutations on the nutations, secular variations of the amplitudes, effects due to the triaxiality of the Earth, new additional out‐of‐phase terms coming from second order effect and relativistic effects. Finally, we obtain rigid Earth nutation series of 1529 terms in longitude and 984 terms in obliquity with a truncation level of 0.1 μ (microarcsecond) and 8 significant digits. The value of the dynamical flattening used in this theory is HD=(C-A)/C=0.0032737674 computed from the initial value pa=50′.2877/yr for the precession rate. These new rigid Earth nutation series are then compared with the most recent models (Hartmann et al., 1998; Souchay and Kinoshita, 1996, 1997; Bretagnon et al., 1997, 1998. We also compute a benchmark series (RDNN97) from the numerical ephemerides DE403/LE403 (Standish et al., 1995) in order to test our model. The comparison between our model (RDAN97) and the benchmark series (RDNN97) shows a maximum difference, in the time domain, of 69 μas in longitude and 29 μas in obliquity. In the frequency domain, the maximum differences are 6 μas in longitude and 4 μ as in obliquity which is below the level of precision of the most recent observations (0.2 mas in time domain (temporal resolution of 1 day) and 0.02 mas in frequency domain). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.