Late Quaternary sea‐level change and evolution of Belfast Lough,Northern Ireland: new offshore evidence and implications for sea‐level reconstruction

The interplay of eustatic and isostatic factors causes complex relative sea‐level (RSL) histories, particularly in paraglacial settings. In this context the past record of RSL is important in understanding ice‐sheet history, earth rheology and resulting glacio‐isostatic adjustment. Field data to develop sea‐level reconstructions are often limited to shallow depths and uncertainty exists as to the veracity of modelled sea‐level curves. We use seismic stratigraphy, 39 vibrocores and 26 radiocarbon dates to investigate the deglacial history of Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland, and reconstruct past RSL. A typical sequence of till, glacimarine and Holocene sediments is preserved. Two sea‐level lowstands (both max. ?40 m) are recorded at c. 13.5 and 11.5k cal a bp . Each is followed by a rapid transgression and subsequent periods of RSL stability. The first transgression coincides temporally with a late stage of Meltwater Pulse 1a and the RSL stability occurred between c. 13.0 and c. 12.2k cal a bp (Younger Dryas). The second still/slowstand occurred between c. 10.3 and c. 11.5k cal a bp . Our data provide constraints on the direction and timing of RSL change during deglaciation. Application of the Depth of Closure concept adds an error term to sea‐level reconstructions based on seismic stratigraphic reconstructions.     

利用高光谱对生物变量进行估计

该文分析了非光合背景物质—土壤光谱信号的特点 ,认为利用对光谱信号进行一阶导数的运算就能对混合光谱中的土壤光谱信号进行压缩 ,由此而得到的生物指数如LAI、SApar等的估计值更能客观地反映实际 ,这对于利用成象光谱进行环境应用有很大的实用价值。     

面向对象的泰安市高分辨率影像住宅建筑物提取

基于eCognition Developer平台,以泰安市QuickBird影像为数据,采用面向对象多尺度分割、最邻近和隶属度分类,充分利用高分辨率QuickBird影像具有的丰富光谱、形状、纹理和结构等地物信息,对实验区进行分类并提取住宅建筑物信息。实验表明,与传统逐像元分类法相比,面向对象分类法有效地避免了分割区域的离散破碎,地类信息的提取更加完整、精确、高效。     

Histogram and variogram inference in the multigaussian model

Several iterative algorithms are proposed to improve the histogram and variogram inference in the framework of the multigaussian model. The starting point is the variogram obtained after a traditional normal score transform. The subsequent step consists in simulating many sets of gaussian values with this variogram at the data locations, so that the ranking of the original values is honored. The expected gaussian transformation and the expected variogram are computed by an averaging operation over the simulated datasets. The variogram model is then updated and the procedure is repeated until convergence. Such an iterative algorithm can adapt to the case of tied data and despike the histogram. Two additional issues are also examined, referred to the modeling of the empirical transformation function and to the optimal pair weighting when computing the sample variogram.     

RIVER PATTERNS AND SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRANSFORMATION MODES

1 INTRODUCTIONThe river pattCths and transfo~ion of the pattenes are of great significance for flood control andmanagement of navigation system. Vallous spatial and temporal modes have been reported in theprevious stUdies. These modes depend on certain controlling factors and occur with different frequencies.These factors are related to modem fluvial processes and ancient sedimentary consequences. T'hedifferent river patterns, depending on the factors, can be either observed in nature or…     

苏州市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子的源解析及其气象因子分析

为了探明PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子的来源和气象因子对其浓度变化的影响,利用2012年2、5、8和11月苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度和本站气象观测数据,分析了苏州市水溶性无机离子的时间变化特征,解析了当地PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子的主要来源,探讨了气象因素对离子组分的影响。结果表明:(1)苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子年均浓度大小依次为:SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)F~-;SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)中最重要的3种水溶性无机离子物种,其总和占PM_(2.5)总质量浓度的50.9%。各离子的季节浓度特征均为冬季最高、夏季最低。(2)通过运用主成分分析法对苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子进行来源分类解析,发现第一类为二次污染源和生物质燃烧,其贡献率为32.84;第二类为道路扬尘及工业排放,其贡献率为19.99%;第三类为海盐污染,其贡献率为18.43%。(3)通过水溶性无机离子与气象条件的相关性分析发现,风向、风速和温度与水溶性无机离子浓度的相关性较显著,这三者是颗粒物浓度变化的主要影响因子。(4)利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式对外来污染物进入苏州市的轨迹进行聚类分析后发现:因受季风气候影响,苏州市外来污染物的输入路径存在明显的季节性变化特征,其中夏半年输送主径源自海上,冬半年主径源自内陆。     

Photogrammetric Capabilities of the Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 Digital Cameras

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of sensor size and resolution of different digital camera sensors upon the accuracy and precision of three dimensional data derived by photogrammetry. Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 digital cameras were used to produce digital images of retroreflective targets in a 4 m three dimensional test field. The image locations of the targeted points were automatically measured using an off the shelf image processing software package. Two different sub-pixel measurement approaches were examined: centre of gravity and weighted mean. From the automated sub-pixel measurement of the targeted points, results indicate that the high resolution DCS460 camera produces optimum results using either the weighted mean or centre of gravity approaches. Although this was perhaps expected, the far lower resolution DC40 camera performed better than was originally anticipated, suggesting potential for the cheaper DC40 for many applications.     

一种基于网格的空间聚类方法在区域划分中的应用

区域划分是依据人口和社会经济指标将行政统计单元或其他地理实体划分成若干个不同水平或类别的集合。由于大多数的人口和社会经济指标来源于面状数据-行政统计单元,常用的区域划分的空间聚类方法是基于面状数据的,本文通过分析现有面状数据的聚类算法特点和不足,进而提出一种新的算法,该方法提出将面状统计单元进行网格划分,引入基于网格密度聚类算法的思想,克服现有面状聚类的诸多缺点,打破行政区划的限制,更好地发现潜在信息。     

BDS静态精密单点定位模糊度固定解精度分析

针对BDS单系统未校准相位延迟(UPD)估计以及不同时长精密单点定位(PPP)模糊度固定对定位精度影响的问题,该文选取56个测站估计UPD,利用未参与UPD计算的8个测站进行不同时长BDS静态PPP模糊度固定实验。结果表明:BDS星间单差宽巷和窄巷UPD在连续时段内具有一定的稳定性,其估计精度满足用于PPP模糊度固定要求。时长越短模糊度固定率越低。以IGS周解为参考值,不同时长模糊度固定解较浮点解三维定位精度均提高12%以上,时长越短模糊度固定解精度提高越显著。因此,模糊度固定是提高BDSPPP定位精度的重要手段。     

Effects of temporal scales and space mismatches on the TRMM 3B42 v7 precipitation product in a remote mountainous area

The accurate measurement of precipitation is essential to understanding regional hydrological processes and hydrological cycling. Quantification of precipitation over remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau is highly unreliable because of the scarcity of rain gauges. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the satellite precipitation product of tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) 3B42 v7 at daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal scales. Comparison between TRMM grid precipitation and point‐based rain gauge precipitation was conducted using nearest neighbour and bilinear weighted interpolation methods. The results showed that the TRMM product could not capture daily precipitation well due to some rainfall events being missed at short time scales but provided reasonably good precipitation data at weekly, monthly, and seasonal scales. TRMM tended to underestimate the precipitation of small rainfall events (less than 1 mm/day), while it overestimated the precipitation of large rainfall events (greater than 20 mm/day). Consequently, TRMM showed better performance in the summer monsoon season than in the winter season. Through comparison, it was also found that the bilinear weighted interpolation method performs better than the nearest neighbour method in TRMM precipitation extraction.