Space-time mapping of soil salinity using probabilistic bayesian maximum entropy

The mapping of saline soils is the first task before any reclamation effort. Reclamation is based on the knowledge of soil salinity in space and how it evolves with time. Soil salinity is traditionally determined by soil sampling and laboratory analysis. Recently, it became possible to complement these hard data with soft secondary data made available using field sensors like electrode probes. In this study, we had two data sets. The first includes measurements of field salinity (EC_a) at 413 locations and 19 time instants. The second, which is a subset of the first (13 to 20 locations), contains, in addition to EC_a, salinity determined in the laboratory (EC_2.5). Based on a procedure of cross-validation, we compared the prediction performance in the space-time domain of 3 methods: kriging using either only hard data (HK) or hard and mid interval soft data (HMIK), and Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) using probabilistic soft data. We found that BME was less biased, more accurate and giving estimates, which were better correlated with the observed values than the two kriging techniques. In addition, BME allowed one to delineate with better detail saline from non-saline areas.     

地磁活动对气候要素影响的研究进展

地磁活动是太阳爆发现象引起地球近地空间磁场扰动的重要空间天气过程之一.地球磁场的变化具有多种时间尺度,其中从数十年到数世纪的长时间地磁场变化主要是由地核磁场引起的,而从数秒到数年的短时间地磁变化与太阳活动有关.近年来,越来越多的统计研究表明,地磁活动与太阳活动和地球气候变化之间存在着显著的相关性.地球磁场和地球大气系统的耦合现象驱动着人们探索地磁活动对地球天气和气候系统影响的研究.本文的目的就是综述国内外地磁变化对气候影响的研究进展,介绍我们最新的研究成果,探索地磁活动对气候要素的影响特征和可能机理过程,为深入研究地磁活动对地球天气和气候的影响提供基础和依据,以期对地磁活动和气候要素关系有进一步的认识.     

Scaling law of the reduced magnetic helicity in fast streams

The reduced magnetic helicity is a quantity related to the handedness of the magnetic field fluctuations. In the present paper we study the scaling law of the reduced magnetic helicity in fast streams in the solar wind by using high-resolution magnetic field data by the Ulysses spacecraft. We show that at high frequencies both the left-hand and the right-hand helicity survives, implying that there is no predominance of a single sign. In addition, the scaling law of the magnetic helicity exhibits a strong dependence on the data set analyzed and we do not observe any universal behavior.     

典型的太阳质子事件峰值流量的一种预报方法

分析了1988~2006年中62个典型的太阳质子事件,发现其归一化后峰值流量变化具有很好的统计规律,根据该规律提出了一种对太阳质子事件峰值流量进行预报的方法.试验预报结果表明,太阳质子事件峰值流量的预报值和实测值都在同一个量级以内,平均相对误差为32％,预报误差在可接受范围内.本文方法对于日常预报业务而言是实用和可行的.     

基于SLEUTH模型的城市空间增长模拟研究--以焦作市为例

利用1988,1992,2001,2008年4个时相的遥感影像和GIS技术获取历史数据,采用SLEUTH模型,对焦作市未来城市空间演变进行研究。结果显示：SLEUTH模型重现了焦作市1988~2008年城市空间演变形态,模拟结果与实际情况比较吻合,充分证明SLEUTH模型具有普适性,通过校正能较好地描述城市增长的自然规律;预测模拟了2009~2020年城市空间增长,城市扩展趋势是新扩展中心出现边缘式扩展,向周围地区蔓延,在交通轴线连接下,形成组团式布局。研究结果为研究区城市发展及政府制定规划提供了科学决策依据。     

“智慧地图”体系构建研究

随着“智慧地球”“智慧城市”的发展,以及人类科学技术和对自然认识水平的提高,传统的空间信息显示与简单的数据存储、管理已不能满足我们对空间认知的需求,空间信息获取的广泛性、时效性、便捷性以及地图服务的智能化与人性化已经成为当前地图行业需求热点.同时,物联网、云计算等新兴信息技术的迅速发展所引爆的第三代信息革命为现代地图学的发展带来了新的契机.本文以地图学历史发展为主线,系统梳理“地图”的相关概念、内涵及技术理论,并结合当前经济、社会及技术背景,重新整合地图的发展需求、内涵及技术体系,提出一种全新的“智慧地图”概念,为现代地图学及数字地图技术的发展提供一种新的视角与理论方法框架.     

Time and space nonlocalities underlying fractional-derivative models: Distinction and literature review of field applications

We investigate the spatiotemporal nonlocality underlying fractional-derivative models as a possible explanation for regional-scale anomalous dispersion with heavy tails. Properties of four fractional-order advection–dispersion equation (fADE) models were analyzed and compared systematically, including the space fADEs with either maximally positive or negative skewness, the time fADE with a temporal fractional-derivative 0<γ<1$0<\gamma <1$, and the extension of the time fADE with 1<γ<2$1<\gamma <2$. Space fADEs describe the dependence of local concentration change on a wide range of spatial zones (i.e., the space nonlocality), while time fADEs describe dynamic mass exchange between mobile and multiple immobile phases and therefore record the temporal history of concentration “loading” (i.e., the time-nonlocality). We then applied the fADEs as models of anomalous dispersion to four extensively-studied, regional-scale, natural systems, including a hillslope composed of fractured soils, a river with simultaneous active flow zones and various dead-zones, a relatively homogeneous glaciofluvial aquifer dominated by stratified sand and gravel, and a highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer containing both preferential flowpaths and abundant aquitards. We find that the anomalous dispersion observed at each site might not be characterized reasonably or sufficiently by previous studies. In particular, the use of the space fADE with less than maximally positive skewness implies a spatial dependence on downstream concentrations that may not be physically realistic for solute transport in watershed catchments and rivers (where the influence of dead-zones on solute transport can be described by a temporal, not spatial, fractional model). Field-scale transport studies show that large ranges of solute displacement can be described by a space nonlocal, fractional-derivative model, and long waiting times can be described efficiently by a time-nonlocal, fractional model. The unknown quantitative relationship between the nonlocal parameters and the heterogeneity, and the similarity in concentration profiles that are solutions to the different nonlocal transport models, all demonstrate the importance of distinguishing the representative nonlocality (time and/or space) for any given regional-scale anomalous dispersion process.     

Gentrification as space domestication. The High Line Art case

In this paper, we critically examine the role of artistic locational choices and practices in the context of gentrification processes in urban renewal contexts. We characterize gentrification as a form of domestication of space, and explore the extent to which artistic choices and practices relate to such process with reference to the deontological dilemma of legitimization within the art system vs. responsible empowerment of vulnerable local constituencies. We illustrate our argument with an analysis of the High Line Art project, and show how this can be considered as a textbook example of art-driven space domestication leading to brutal forms of gentrification. We comment on the threat that this provides to the social credibility of artistic practices as an agency of responsible social change.     

西方国家办公空间研究综述

文章分别从区位论、城市空间结构理论等角度入手,总结了西方早期上述理论体系中办公空间研究的相关内容,并从办公空间的区位特征、集聚与扩散及其空间结构形成机制等方面对西方战后在办公空间方面的研究进展进行了综述,还对西方办公空间的研究方法进行了总结,最后结合我国的实际情况对西方的研究进行了述评,以期为我国相同领域研究的开展提供一点启示。     

澳门回归与粤澳经济和空间一体化

在澳门回归、广东与澳门之间政治关系转变的基础上, 结合改革开放后两地在经济与空间互补和紧密结合的历史事实, 指出澳门回归后, 在历史、经济、政治、文化等因素作用和影响下, 粤澳经济和空间一体化是一种必然趋势, 应充分利用两地资源和空间优势互补关系, 推动两个地区的发展。