Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions

Observations are presented of the response of the dayside cusp/cleft aurora to changes in both the clock and elevation angles of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) vector, as monitored by the WIND spacecraft. The auroral observations are made in 630 nm light at the winter solstice near magnetic noon, using an all-sky camera and a meridian-scanning photometer on the island of Spitsbergen. The dominant change was the response to a northward turning of the IMF which caused a poleward retreat of the dayside aurora. A second, higher-latitude band of aurora was seen to form following the northward turning, which is interpreted as the effect of lobe reconnection which reconfigures open flux. We suggest that this was made possible in the winter hemisphere, despite the effect of the Earth’s dipole tilt, by a relatively large negative X component of the IMF. A series of five events then formed in the poleward band and these propagated in a southwestward direction and faded at the equatorward edge of the lower-latitude band as it migrated poleward. It is shown that the auroral observations are consistent with overdraped lobe flux being generated by lobe reconnection in the winter hemisphere and subsequently being re-closed by lobe reconnection in the summer hemisphere. We propose that the balance between the reconnection rates at these two sites is modulated by the IMF elevation angle, such that when the IMF points more directly northward, the summer lobe reconnection site dominates, re-closing all overdraped lobe flux and eventually becoming disconnected from the Northern Hemisphere.     

Study of Nonlinear Earthquake Flow Functions and Their Application to the Space Increased Probability of Strong Earthquake (SIP)

The definition and abnormality discriminatory criteria of earthquake flow function are introduced in this paper based on the algorithm of Space Increased Probability (SIP). Nine earthquake flow functions were defined by the method. The retrospect test that applied the SIP algorithm with the nonlinear earthquake flow function to 7 earthquakes, which occurred from 1975 to 1989 in Eastern China, with a magnitude of 6 or greater depicted that 6 of the 7 strong earthquakes (86%) were located in the SIP areas, and the SIP covers about 32% of the total research time-space domain. These suggest that the R-value, an effective scale for earthquake forecast, is 54% and may imply that the nonlinear earthquake flow function introduced in this paper can be applied to the intermediate-term earthquake forecast research.     

Harmonic analysis of the Earth's gravitational field by means of semi-continuous ephemerides of a low Earth orbiting GPS-tracked satellite. Case study: CHAMP

An algorithm for the determination of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the terrestrial gravitational field representation from the analysis of a kinematic orbit solution of a low earth orbiting GPS-tracked satellite is presented and examined. A gain in accuracy is expected since the kinematic orbit of a LEO satellite can nowadays be determined with very high precision, in the range of a few centimeters. In particular, advantage is taken of Newton's Law of Motion, which balances the acceleration vector with respect to an inertial frame of reference (IRF) and the gradient of the gravitational potential. By means of triple differences, and in particular higher-order differences (seven-point scheme, nine-point scheme), based upon Newton's interpolation formula, the local acceleration vector is estimated from relative GPS position time series. The gradient of the gravitational potential is conventionally given in a body-fixed frame of reference (BRF) where it is nearly time independent or stationary. Accordingly, the gradient of the gravitational potential has to be transformed from spherical BRF to Cartesian IRF. Such a transformation is possible by differentiating the gravitational potential, given as a spherical harmonics series expansion, with respect to Cartesian coordinates by means of the chain rule, and expressing zero- and first-order Ferrer's associated Legendre functions in terms of Cartesian coordinates. Subsequently, the BRF Cartesian coordinates are transformed into IRF Cartesian coordinates by means of the polar motion matrix, the precession–nutation matrices and the Greenwich sidereal time angle (GAST). In such a way a spherical harmonic representation of the terrestrial gravitational field intensity with respect to an IRF is achieved. Numerical tests of a resulting Gauss–Markov model document not only the quality and the high resolution of such a space gravity spectroscopy, but also the problems resulting from noise amplification in the acceleration determination process.     

迭代法与FFT法位场向下延拓效果的比较

将水平观测面上的实测位场值,垂直投影至下部的延拓水平面上,作为该水平面上的位场初始值. 根据该水平面上的初始值,用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)的方法向上延拓计算观测面上的位场值. 用观测面上的实测值与计算值的差值,对延拓面上的位场值进行校正. 如此反复迭代,直至观测面上的实测值与计算值的差值小到可以忽略. 这种空间域的迭代法原理简单,不用解线性代数方程组,有较高的计算速度和良好的延拓效果. 本文用迭代法对模型数据和实际数据进行向下延拓,对比了迭代法与常规的FFT法在位场向下延拓中的效果,迭代法显著优于FFT法.     

日地系统研究的现状和趋势

日地系统研究的发展趋势是将日地系统各圈层作为一个整体来开展三维的定量研究,发展各国之间和各学科之间科学家的广泛合作,加强空间探测和地面综合监测网的建设,密切观测分析、理论研究、数值模拟和环境预报之间的联系,直接为生存和生产服务．     

“双评价”视角下基于FLUS模型的武汉大都市区土地利用模拟和城镇开发边界划定研究

城镇开发边界的划定对于保障资源合理利用、促进城镇有序发展具有重要意义。国内现有研究多以规划实践的技术探讨为主,但对资源环境的定量化评估不足,且较少在大都市区尺度开展研究。本文以武汉大都市区为研究案例,提出在耦合多种要素构建“双评价”体系的基础上,结合FLUS模型进行土地利用模拟和城镇开发边界的划定,并运用景观格局指数等对结果进行分析校验。结果表明:① 土地利用模拟KAPPA系数为0.95,总体精度为0.96,能较好的反映未来用地变化情况,且结果显示城镇建设用地呈蔓延式扩张,有必要通过划定边界来控制城镇开发;② 根据模拟结果划定城镇开发边界,能够避免城镇建设集中占用生态或农业价值较高的区域,并在优化形态的基础上改善武汉大都市区的城镇空间布局,有很强的适用性;③ 驱动体系评价表明,相较于单一因子库,“双评价”因子库精度更高,且更能优化景观格局,促进建设用地斑块集聚发展并填补建成区空白,更符合区域发展诉求;④ 扩张结果评价表明划定结果与武汉大都市区的未来发展模式吻合,未来空间管控应重点关注临空港片区、阳逻片区、光谷-未来城片区、纸坊片区扩张的潜在价值。本研究验证了FLUS模型在武汉大都市区内应用的有效性,为规划管控及建设用地布局优化提供一定参考。     

兴都库什及邻近区域空间应力场特征及其构造意义

兴都库什及邻近区域地处印度洋板块和欧亚板块碰撞带的西缘,是大陆内部中源地震最为活跃的区域,各种数据均显示出该区域有着十分特殊的现象.本文从地质构造、地震分布特征、震源机制解、应力场等方面进行初步分析.结果表明,不同的深度应力场方向表现各不相同,不同的区域震源机制特征各异,尤其是正断层性质地震在北东向表现出了线性展布.通过构造模拟认为该区域可能是在地壳的碰撞、推挤、俯冲作用下出现的褶皱,由于地层倒转嵌入,从而形成了多层位地震密集现象.同时在推挤、拖曳的过程中形成了一条深度约100 km以下的北东向的拉张性破裂.

     

月壤中纳米金属铁的太空风化成因及模拟方法分析

月壤中普遍存在着大量由太空风化作用产生的纳米金属铁,这些纳米金属铁在一定程度上改变了月球表面的物理、化学和光学特征.纳米金属铁在月壤中主要赋存于胶结质玻璃相中和月壤颗粒的表面,胶结质玻璃相的纳米金属铁起源于微陨石轰击富含太阳风氢粒子的月壤产生的高温熔融还原作用,颗粒表面的纳米金属铁来自微陨石轰击引起的蒸发沉积作用和太阳...