南海西南次海盆岩石圈结构及其地质意义

南海地区岩石圈资料稀少,阻碍了其形成演化过程的研究.为此,本次研究结合大地热流、空间重力异常、高程、大地水准面和地震数据,在南海西南次海盆反演了两条2.5维岩石圈剖面.本次计算基于三种假设：岩石圈地幔的密度取决于岩石温度;研究区岩石圈处于热稳定状态;研究区处于重力均衡状态.在剖面A-E中,岩石圈底界面从珠江口盆地的105 km迅速抬升到西沙海槽处的50 km,在西沙海槽、西沙-中沙群岛和西南次海盆变化不大,为50~60 km.在剖面F-I中,岩石圈底界面从西沙群岛-中建地块处的88 km向海盆逐渐抬升,在西南次海盆处为46~50 km,到郑和隆起再逐渐变深至64 km.我们比较了西南次海盆岩石圈的冷却模型和热稳定模型,根据冷却模型由水深和热流数据所推断的西南次海盆年龄比实际年龄差很多,说明冷却模型不适用于西南次海盆.通过对比剖面A-E和剖面F-I,说明了剖面A-E经历了更长时间的拉伸,证明南海西南次海盆在形成演化过程中是从北东向南西逐步打开的渐进式扩张.最后,我们综合分析西南次海盆及其大陆边缘的岩石圈结构、减薄陆壳区范围、碳酸盐台地的分布、下地壳韧性流动、流变结构和沉积层特征等多方面资料,认为西南次海盆在形成演化过程中岩石圈地幔首先破裂而地壳后破裂,属于type Ⅱ型非火山型大陆边缘.

     

西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区富铝蚀变黏土矿物类型和地球化学特征研究

产出于不同地质背景下的热液成因黏土矿物组成、晶体结构及化学成分等信息,可指示与海底热液作用有关的水-岩反应过程和流体的物理化学条件变化。但目前对于以西南印度洋脊为代表的超慢速扩张脊热液区的黏土矿物研究程度较低,尚未了解其经历的热液蚀变作用及形成过程。本文综合应用SEM-EDS、XRD、FT-IR、EPMA和LA-ICP-MS等多种分析测试手段对采自龙旂热液区矿化蚀变角砾的形貌结构、矿物组成及其化学成分进行系统表征。研究表明:该蚀变角砾中的共生矿物相主要由具二八面体结构、富Al端元的蒙皂石族矿物贝得石与蛋白石组成,角砾中可见呈细粒浸染状的TiO_2。蚀变黏土矿物的化学成分较为单一,具有富Al、贫Mg和贫Fe的特征;其稀土元素总量普遍不高(2. 43～43. 45μg/g),配分模式呈负Eu异常(0. 31～0. 53)而未显示Ce异常(1. 09～1. 16)。推断产出于硫化物堆积丘体边部的矿化角砾长期受酸性、相对还原的、低温热液流体持续叠加和淋滤改造,除Al和Ti以外大部分元素被活化迁移,形成矿物组成简单的富铝黏土矿物相。本研究查明了龙旂热液区新的蚀变黏土矿物类型及其元素地球化学特征,反映该区广泛发育低温热液蚀变作用,为进一步探讨西南印度洋超慢速扩张脊热液成矿系统的水-岩反应过程提供了一定依据。     

Preliminary research to determine stress districts form focal mechanism solutions in Southwest China and its adjacent area

IntroductionManystudies(Kan,etal,1977;Cheng,1981;Xu,etal,1987;Xie,etal,1993,Mulled,etal,1997)indicatedthatthedirectionsofcrustaltectonicstresseshaveregionalvariation.SimpleanalysesbymeansOfthreeprincipalaxesoffocalmechanismsolutions,whichexpressedasP...     

西南岩溶地区植被喀斯特效应

西南岩溶地区是我国主要岩溶带之一，也是世界岩溶研究重点地区，区内因人口众多，植被破坏严重，部分地区因人为作用已经产生一系列的环境问题，本文从岩溶地区植被演替规律出发，针对不同植被生态条件，通过对比不同表层岩溶泉的水化学特征和表层土壤空气CO2（g)（表示呀以气相形式存在）的含量，分析了植被在岩溶区，特别在表层岩溶带的喀斯特效应，由此，一方面可以推动岩溶研究的进一步发展；另一方面可以提高人们的岩溶环境保护意识，从而为西南地区生态恢复提供基础资料。     

Mapping the crustal thickness in southwest Japan using Moho-reflected waves

In this work we have tried to detect and collect later phases associated with the Moho discontinuity and use them to study the lateral variations of the crustal thickness in southwest (SW) Japan. We first compute synthetic seismograms for local earthquakes taking into account the focal mechanism solutions estimated from first motion polarity data. Then we compare the synthetics with the observed waveforms to detect the major later phases in seismograms of shallow crustal earthquakes in SW Japan. Taking the advantage of the high quality and great quantity of Hi-net waveform data now available throughout the entire Japan Islands, we have detected 1659 Moho-reflected phases (PmP and SmS) from shallow events in SW Japan. We estimated the crustal thickness in the study area using travel time differences between these later phases and the first P and S arrivals. Our results show that the Moho is deep in Chubu district and becomes shallower along the coastlines of the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean. A thinner crust appears in Osaka Bay and Awajii Island where the 1995 Kobe earthquake (M7.2) occurred.     

Limited differences among habitats in deep‐sea macro‐infaunal communities off New Zealand: implications for their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance

The spread of human activities into the deep sea may pose a high risk to benthic communities and affect ecosystem integrity. The deep sea is characterized by physical and biological heterogeneity and different habitat types are likely to differ in their vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. However, across‐habitat comparisons are rare, and no comprehensive ecological risk assessment has yet been developed. To address this gap in our knowledge, we compared macro‐infaunal community structure in four habitats (slope, canyons, seamounts and methane seeps) at depths between 700 and 1500 m in the Hikurangi Margin and Bay of Plenty regions off New Zealand. The most striking contrast in community structure was between the two study regions, due to an order of magnitude difference in macro‐infaunal abundance that we believe was caused by differences in surface productivity and food availability at the sea bed. We found differences in structural and functional attributes of macro‐infaunal communities among some habitats in the Hikurangi Margin (slope, canyon and seep), but not in the Bay of Plenty. We posit that differences between canyon and slope communities on the Hikurangi Margin are due to enhanced food availability inside canyons compared with adjacent slope habitats. Seep communities were characterized by elevated abundance of both symbiont‐bearing and heterotrophic taxa, and were the most distinct, and variable, among the habitats that we considered on the Hikurangi Margin. Communities of seamounts were not distinct from slope or canyon communities on the Hikurangi Margin, probably reflecting similar environmental conditions in these habitats. The communities of deep‐sea canyon and seep habitats on the Hikurangi Margin were sufficiently dissimilar from each other and from slope habitats to warrant separate management consideration. By contrast, the low dissimilarity between communities of canyon and slope habitats in the Bay of Plenty suggests that habitat‐based management is not required in this region, for macro‐infauna at least. Although the two study regions share similar species pools, populations of the Hikurangi Margin region may be less vulnerable than the sparser populations of the Bay of Plenty due to the higher availability of potential colonizers and faster population growth. Thus regions, and habitats in some regions, should be subject to separate ecological risk assessment to help identify the key risks and consequences of human activities, and to inform options for reducing or mitigating impacts.     

"2003.1"黔东南暴雪天气过程的对称不稳定分析

采用对称不稳定判据,对发生在2003年1月5～6日一次罕见的黔东南暴雪天气过程进行了分析,结果表明：暴雪产生在对称不稳定大气中,低空急流促使对流层低层暖湿气流辐合上升,触发对称不稳定能量释放,产生暴雪天气。西南涡、横切变和暴雪区有向对称不稳定区移动的趋势。     

Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest Greenland

Light-induced bird strikes are known to occur when vessels navigate during darkness in icy waters using powerful searchlight. In Southwest Greenland, which is important internationally for wintering seabirds, we collected reports of incidents of bird strikes over 2-3 winters (2006-2009) from navy vessels, cargo vessels and trawlers (total n = 19). Forty-one incidents were reported: mainly close to land (<4 km, 78%), but one as far offshore as 205 km. Up to 88 birds were reported killed in a single incident. All occurred between 5 p.m. and 6 a.m. and significantly more birds were involved when visibility was poor (snow) rather than moderate or good. Among five seabird species reported, the common eider (Somateria mollissima) accounted for 95% of the bird casualties. Based on spatial analyses of data on vessel traffic intensity and common eider density we are able to predict areas with high risk of bird strikes in Southwest Greenland.     

山区遥感图像自动分类研究——以西南地区为例(英文)

In mountainous areas, it is the undulant terrain, various types of geomorphic and land use that make the remote sensing images great metamorphism. Moreover, due to the elevation, there are many areas covered with shadow, clouds and snow that make the images more inaccurate. As a result, it would be very difficult to carry out auto-classification of RS images in these areas. The study took Southwest China as the case study area and the TM images, SPOT images as the basic information sources assisted by the a...     

一次西南低涡降水雷达回波结构和演变特征分析

基于新一代天气雷达三维组网等多源气象数据分析了2009年7月30～31日的一次西南低涡触发的强降水天气过程以及主要降水时段雷达回波三维结构及演变特征,研究发现：(1)西南低涡降水与低涡强度发展存在不一致性,强降水出现在低涡强度达到最强之前;(2)中尺度对流系统的发生、发展是此次低涡降水的重要影响因素,西南低涡与中尺度对流系统既相互独立又相互影响,降水是两者共同作用的结果;(3)最强组合反射率因子同样出现在西南低涡发展到最强盛之前,西南低涡能显著影响盆地内降水雷达回波的强度与类型。