木里地区水合物钻孔井壁构造裂缝特征

木里地区三露天井田断层发育、岩性复杂,且钻探结果揭示水合物主要赋存于地层裂缝中,因此,笔者专门利用声成像测井资料对三露天井田水合物钻孔井壁构造裂缝进行研究,明确了研究区构造裂缝的成像测井响应特征,并从裂缝线密度、倾角、倾向等方面对裂缝的分布特征进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)研究区水合物钻孔井壁裂缝发育,倾角以高角度为主,低角度次之,水平裂缝与高角度裂缝少见;冻土层及以上裂缝较冻土层以下更为发育。(2)研究区裂缝主要走向与地层断裂走向基本一致或小角度斜交,裂缝的发育受断层控制明显。(3)研究区裂缝倾角相对较大,不利于烃类气体的大量聚集,这可能是该区域钻孔少见水合物的原因之一。     

Application of PSO-LIBSVM in Recognition of Potassium Salt Deposits

The shortage of potassium salt seriously restricts the development of China's agriculture. Increasing the exploration and development of potash will help improve the self-sufficiency of potassium in China. With rich potassium salt resources, Sichuan basin is one of the most important research areas for potash exploration and development in China. Polyhalite is an important solid potassium salt mineral in Sichuan basin, often intercalated in rock minerals such as anhydrite, rock salt and dolomite. Aiming at the problem that conventional log interpretation methods are difficult to accurately identify polyhalites, this paper proposed a new Support Vector Machine (SVM) recognition method based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to classify polyhalites in Sichuan basin. Based on particle swarm optimization and support vector machine theory, combined with logging interpretation theory, the effective data sensitive to polyhalite logging response were selected as input samples to generate training sets and test sets randomly. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) parameters were optimized by particle swarm optimization, and the classification and prediction model of polyhalite was established. Compared with mud logging results, the recognition accuracy of SVM model based on particle swarm optimization reached 97.5758%, which is obviously better than that of SVM model optimized by cross validation method in recognition accuracy and speed. The results show that the model has broad application prospects in potash exploration in Sichuan basin.     

黄骅坳陷新生界火成岩岩相与储集性能分析

通过取芯段火成岩岩芯观察、测井以及地震相分析,将黄骅坳陷新生界火山岩划分为爆发相、溢流相、火山通道相和火山沉积相4种,并根据储集空间特征进一步划分为10种亚相,将侵入岩划分为3个相带。在此基础上建立黄骅坳陷火成岩岩相模式,并分析不同岩相火成岩的储集性能。研究认为：研究区溢流相上下区亚相和爆发相储集物性优越,构造裂缝和原生气孔发育,气孔、溶蚀孔缝、构造缝为主要储集空间;侵入相和次火山岩相火成岩由于热液作用造成围岩发生变质,原岩结构构造发生变化,使原来孔渗条件极差的泥岩变质为具有一定储集性能的储集岩;主要储集空间为收缩裂隙和构造裂隙。     

基于遗传算法优化的支持向量机在岩性识别中的应用

为提高测井岩性识别的精度,本文结合乌夏地区岩芯资料和测井数据,总结该地区砂砾岩测井响应特征,优选出声波、自然伽马、密度、中子孔隙度和电阻率等5条测井曲线参数作为训练和测试样本,通过遗传算法挑选出最佳的支持向量机核函数参数σ和惩罚因子C,建立支持向量机岩性识别模型。结果表明该模型实际数据预测总体符合率为81.6%,在识别准确率上与传统测井识别砂砾岩岩性方法相比都有明显提升。     

基于地震波速度预测岩体物性参数模型与应用

以地震属性和钻孔测井参数为基础,依据试验数据构建数学模型,实现对煤层顶底板岩石物性参数的定量预测。通过试验拟合出纵横波波速之间关系、波速与密度的关系、动静杨氏模量、动静泊松比之间的关系,且相关程度较高。依据试验模拟结果对淮南刘庄区煤层顶底板岩石物性参数及孔隙度进行了预测。结果表明该地区的物性参数分布规律明显,且与实测结果吻合较好。模型计算与实例应用证实地震信息用于预测岩石力学参数具有可行性。     

用自然伽马测井数据估算桑托斯盆地的地层生热率

岩石生热率是研究地球内热的一个重要的参数。本文根据自然伽马与岩石生热率的关系,利用盆地4口钻井的自然伽马测井曲线,计算出桑托斯盆地主要岩石或矿物及地层的生热率。本文统计了2964个自然伽马测井数据值,主要岩石或矿物的生热率从大到小依次为：泥岩、砂岩、页岩、玄武岩、石灰岩、硬石膏和盐岩;盆地地层的生热率随深度增加显著降低,生热率体现出受控于岩性变化的特征。以S1井为例,根据岩石生热率和热流的关系,计算出盆地中各个组的生热率,Marambaia组、Itajai-Acu组、Itanhaem组、Ariri组、Guaratiba群、Camboriu组生热率分别是1.36±0.16μW/m3、1.52±0.15μW/m3、1.30±0.3μW/m3、0.46±0.18μW/m3、0.64±0.23μW/m3、0.37±0.07μW/m3,盆地沉积地层产生的热量占表层大地热流的13.62%,因此沉积地层具有一定的产热潜力,对区域有机质的成熟度有一定的影响。建立了岩石圈分层生热模型,其中地壳热流贡献为15.38mW/m2,占表层大地热流的30.76%,地幔热流贡献值为34.62mW/m2,地壳和地幔的热流比例为0.44,具有“冷壳热幔”的特征。     

Effectiveness of post-fire salvage logging stream buffer management for hillslope erosion in the U.S. Inland Northwest Mountains

Active wildfire seasons in the western U.S. warrant the evaluation of post-fire forest management strategies. Ground-based salvage logging is often used to recover economic loss of burned timber. In unburned forests, ground-based logging often follows best management practices by leaving undisturbed areas near streams called stream buffers. However, the effectiveness of these buffers has not been tested in a post-wildfire setting. This experiment tested buffer width effectiveness with a novel field-simulated rill experiment using sediment-laden runoff (25 g/L) released over 40 min at evenly timed flow rates (50, 100 and 150 L/min) to measure surface runoff travel length and sediment concentration under unburned and high and low soil burn severity conditions at 2-, 10- and 22-month post-fire. High severity areas 2-month post-fire had rill lengths of up to 100 m. Rill length significantly decreased over time as vegetation regrowth provided ground cover. Sediment concentration and sediment dropout rate also varied significantly by soil burn severity. Sediment concentrations were 19 g/L for the highest flow 2-month post-fire and reduced to 6.9–14 g/L 10-month post-fire due to abundant vegetation recovery. The amount of sediment dropping out of the flow consistently increased over the study period with the low burn severity rate of 1.15 g L⁻¹ m⁻¹ approaching the unburned rate of 1.29 g L⁻¹ m⁻¹ by 2-year post-fire. These results suggest that an often-used standard, 15 m buffer, was sufficient to contain surface runoff and reduce sediment concentration on unburned sites, however buffers on high burn severity sites need to be eight times greater (120 m) immediately after wildfire and four times greater (60 m) 1-year post-fire. Low burn severity areas 1-year post-fire may need to be only twice the width of an unburned buffer (30 m), and 2-year post-fire these could return to unburned widths.     

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux

Soil CO_2 efflux, the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget, plays an important role in global carbon cycling. Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO_2 efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of soil CO_2 efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies. Here, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux. Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO_2 efflux of the growing season by 5.02%. However, averaged across all studies, nonsignificant effect was detected following forest logging. The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type, logging type, and time since logging. Soil CO_2 efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase(4.38%) due to forest logging, while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change. Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO_2 efflux, with thinning increasing soil CO_2 efflux by 12.05%, while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO_2 efflux by 8.63%. The time since logging also had variable effects, with higher soil CO_2 efflux for 2 years after logging, and lower for 3-6 years after logging; when exceeded 6 years, soil CO_2 efflux increased. As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass, the general positive effects on soil CO_2 efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality. Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.     

Evaluating post-wildfire logging-slash cover treatment to reduce hillslope erosion after salvage logging using ground measurements and remote sensing

Continuing long and extensive wildfire seasons in the Western US emphasize the need for better understanding of wildfire impacts including post-fire management scenarios. Advancements in our understanding of post-fire hillslope erosion and watershed response such as flooding, sediment yield, and debris flows have recently received considerable attention. The potential impacts of removing dead trees, called salvage logging, has been studied, however the use of remotely sensed imagery after salvage logging to evaluate spatial patterns and recovery is novel. The 2015 North Star Fire provided an opportunity to evaluate hillslope erosion reduction using two field experiments and coincidental remotely sensed imagery over 3 years. Simulated rill experiments with four flow rates were used to quantify hillslope erosion on skidder trails with and without added logging slash compared with a burned-only control. Seven replicated hillslope silt fence plots with the same treatments were also evaluated for natural rainfall events. WorldView-2 satellite imagery was used to relate ground cover and erodible bare soil between the two experiments using multi-temporal Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) values. Results indicate that the skid trails produced significantly more sediment (0.70 g s⁻¹) than either the slash treated skid trail (0.34 g s⁻¹) or controls (0.04 g s⁻¹) with the simulated rill experiment. Similarly, under natural rainfall conditions sediment yield from hillslope silt fence plots was significantly greater for the skid trail (3.42 Mg ha⁻¹) than either the slash treated skid trail (0.18 Mg ha⁻¹) or controls (0 Mg ha⁻¹). An NDVI value of 0.32 on all plots over all years corresponded to a ground cover of about 60% which is an established threshold for erosion reduction. Significant relationships between NDVI, ground cover, and sediment values suggest that NDVI may help managers evaluate ground cover and erosion potential remotely after disturbances such as a wildfire or salvage logging.     

利用单渗砂层能量厚度研究有利沉积微相及其含油有利区的方法

针对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡中部特低渗透储层识别主体骨架砂体微相带及筛选含油有利区工作,提出利用单渗砂层能量厚度控制划分最为有利的沉积微相带。利用多种测井响应提取单渗砂层沉积能量及其能量厚度信息,使其曲线幅度、厚度、形状、接触关系、次级形态等特征和数据大小能够集中反映相对高渗的单渗砂层最大沉积能量及厚度变化,确认出三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相及其河道叠置型河口坝微相骨架砂体的发育、规模及分布范围,有效地克服了层段中几个成因相近薄砂层或砂泥互层中砂层累加厚度识别和划分主体骨架砂体微相带的失误。通过该区目的层段自然电位、自然伽马、密度、中子、声波、电阻率测井曲线和岩性、物性及其能量厚度统计,建立起单渗砂层能量厚度下限标准及夹层扣除标准,在该区长4+511特低渗透储层中提取单渗砂层及其沉积能量信息,控制划分出有利沉积微相带及其骨架砂体分布,预测和筛选出不同类型相对高渗高产含油有利区,它们不同程度勾画出河道主体带油藏与南西部华池油藏连片延伸趋势、形态和特征,为该区特低渗透油田增储上产提供有利目标和重点层位及井区。