南水北调西线TBM掘进下隧洞围岩损伤研究

为研究隧洞掘进机（tunnel boring machine,TBM）掘进下隧洞围岩的损伤特征,选取南水北调西线工程为背景工程,针对隧洞围岩TBM掘进后的损伤进行了系统的研究与分析。根据板岩在室内试验中表现出来的脆性和屈服后强度特性,提出了以黏聚力弱化-摩擦角强化（cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening,CWFS）脆性模型为基础考虑岩体屈服后损伤的本构模型,通过VC++编译dll动态链接库,并将其植入FLAC3D程序中。应用神经网络和遗传方法等优化算法对本构模型中的参数进行了反演分析,并以室内三轴压缩试验为依据,对该本构模型进行了验证。结果表明,提出的考虑损伤的CWFS模型可以较好地反映板岩的弹性特征、屈服后的强化特征、脆性破坏特征和破坏后残余强度特征。以该模型为基础,模拟了南水北调西线隧洞在TBM掘进条件下隧洞围岩的变形特性、应力发展规律及其损伤演化特征,并与基于Mohr-Coulomb本构关系的计算结果进行了对比分析。提出的考虑损伤的CWFS模型能更好地反映隧洞掘进后围岩损伤特征,即损伤沿着弱势区域发展的规律     

岩体波速与坝基岩体变形模量关系

岩体变形模量是岩体工程设计最重要的参数之一,尽管其可以通过各种现场试验来获得,但因其耗时、费力、投资大,使得许多中小型工程及大型工程的初步设计阶段无法通过试验来得到这一参数。因此,许多研究者建立了诸多岩体变形模量与岩体物理力学参数或岩体质量分级之间的相关关系,如岩体变形模量与RQD、RMR分级、Q分级、岩体纵波速度等之间的关系,从而利用这些关系估算岩体变形模量。总结了已有估算岩体变形模量的各种方法,讨论了其应用条件及预测结果,重点分析了利用岩体纵波速度估算岩体变形模量的方法及存在的问题,并以玛尔挡坝址为实例,建立了相关预测公式。通过与已有估算方法的对比研究,阐明了各种方法预测结果的异同,表明其建立的估算公式与Barton等公式具有较好的一致性,可以用来估算岩体的变形模量     

Application of the Response Surface Method for Optimization of Headspace Liquid Phase Microextraction of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water

An optimized analysis method based on headspace liquid phase microextraction (HS‐LPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was proposed for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction of THMs for analysis by HS‐LPME. The temperature, extraction time and NaCl concentration were found to be important extraction parameters. The coefficient of determination (R²) for the model was 94.97%. A high probability value (P < 0.0001) for the regression indicated that the model had a high level of significance. The optimum conditions were seen to be: temperature 42.0°C, NaCl concentration 0.30 g/mL, and extraction time 28 min. The response variable was the summation of the THMs chromatography peak areas and the reproducibility of this was investigated in five replicate experiments under the optimized conditions. The relative standard deviations (RSD%) of the THMs ranged from 8.0–11.6%. The limits of detection (LODs), based on a signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) of three ranged from 0.42–0.78 μg/L, and were lower than the maximum limits for THMs in drinking water established by the WHO.     

The Annual Characteristics of Rainwater HCHO in Guiyang City,Southwest of China

HCHO is ubiquitous and important chemical constitutes in the troposphere. The concentrations of the HCHO (aq) in the rainwater were measured in the Guiyang city, southeastern of China from May 2006 to April 2007 and 153 discrete samples were collected. Rainwater (N = 151) HCHO (aq) concentrations ranged from lower than method detection limit (MDL) to 40.2 µmol/L with a volume weighted mean value of 7.4 ± 8.8 µmol/L. The strong correlations between HCHO (aq) and HCOO^? (r = 0.69, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and nss‐ (r = 0.74, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and (r = 0.67, n = 137), HCHO (aq) and (r = 0.74, n = 133) suggest the significant influence of the anthropogenic input for the HCHO (aq) levels. The concentration levels of rainwater HCHO (aq) was inversely proportional to the amount of rainfall, indicating the below‐cloud process is the most important mechanism for rainwater HCHO (aq) scavenging processes. More than 70% of the HCHO (aq) wet deposition took place during the early stage of the rainfall. According to the air mass back‐trajectory analysis, the rainwater with industrial back‐trajectories coming from the north had the highest levels of HCHO (aq) while the rainwater with the green‐covered or marine back‐trajectories from the southeast had the lowest concentrations, and this indicate the HCHO (aq) originated from urban or industrial regions served as an important source of the rainwater. The annual HCHO (aq) wet deposition flux was calculated as 6.96 mmol/m² per year and the total deposition flux was estimated as 24.35 mmol/m² per year, 71.4% of which was dominated by dry deposition.     

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部大气颗粒物地球化学特征及来源解析

研究采集了黑龙江松嫩平原南部28个夏季大气颗粒物样品,分析了不同粒径(TSP、PM10、PM2-5)样品中常量和微量元素含量,对元素浓度含量特征、元素间相关性和空间分布特征进行了分析,并使用富集系数法和因子分析法进行元素来源解析。研究表明：在PM10-100中富集的元素多在地壳中含量很高,重金属元素在PM2-5中高度富集,不同粒径大气颗粒物中各元素质量浓度整体水平为：大庆>绥化>哈尔滨>齐齐哈尔。富集因子分析表明：Fe、K、Ti、Mn、Co的富集因子小于1或非常接近1,Ca、Mg、Ni、Cr的富集因子大于1但仍小于10,Na、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Se的富集因子大于10,表现出较为明显的人为来源特征。参照颗粒物不同源主要标识元素,对各元素进行主因子分析结果表明：松嫩平原南部大气可吸入颗粒物的主要来源是土壤扬尘,此外还有燃煤、垃圾焚烧、汽车尾气、碱尘大气传输、燃油和工业来源。     

Shaking‐table tests of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material

According to Eurocode 8, the seismic design of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material is based on a rough estimate of the inertial force imposed on the structure by the ensiled content during an earthquake: 80% of the mass of the content multiplied by the peak ground acceleration. A recent analytical consideration of the horizontal shear force mobilised within the ensiled material during an earthquake proposed by some of the authors has resulted in a radically reduced estimate of this load suggesting that, in practice, the effective mass of the content is significantly less than that specified. This paper describes a series of laboratory tests that featured shaking table and a silo model, which were conducted in order to obtain some experimental data to verify the proposed theoretical formulations and to compare with the established code provisions. Several tests have been performed with different heights of ensiled material – about 0.5 mm diameter Ballotini glass – and different magnitudes of grain–wall friction. The results indicate that in all cases, the effective mass is indeed lower than the Eurocode specification, suggesting that the specification is overly conservative, and that the wall–grain friction coefficient strongly affects the overturning moment at the silo base. At peak ground accelerations up to around 0.35 g, the proposed analytical formulation provides an improved estimate of the inertial force imposed on such structures by their contents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

能谱CT成像定量分析在鉴别诊断周围型肺癌和肺炎性肿块中的价值

目的:探讨能谱CT成像定量分析在鉴别诊断周围型肺癌和肺炎性肿块中的价值。方法:研究对象选择2011年7月至2015年2月在我院进行治疗的肺部孤立肿块患者共84例,将其分为周围型肺癌组38例和肺炎性肿块组46例,对所有患者进行能谱CT成像定量分析,观察其检查结果,分析其诊断价值。结果:静脉期下周围型肺癌在不同ke V的CT值均明显高于肺炎性肿块组,两组比较具有显著差异(P<0.05),动脉期下周围型肺癌在不同ke V的CT值均明显高于肺炎性肿块组,两组比较具有显著差异(P<0.05),周围型肺癌的碘浓度与能谱斜率在动静脉期与肺炎性肿块具有显著差异(P<0.05),而水浓度无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:采用能谱CT成像定量分析对于周围型肺癌和肺炎性肿块的鉴别诊断准确性较高,具有良好的临床价值。      

深部高承压水地层裂隙岩体冻结温度场实测研究

通过深部高承压水地层冻结法凿井现场实测,获得矿井裂隙岩体各个层位测温孔的温度和盐水去回路干管温度变化规律.结果表明:测温孔实测温度在冻结初期呈线性下降规律;当温度继续降低到岩石的结冰温度以后,降温速率逐步增加;当冻结帷幕达到设计温度时,实测温度变化趋于平缓;外圈管外侧测温孔降温速率最慢,两圈管之间位置的测温孔降温速率最快;位于不同位置不同层位的测温孔降温速率不一致,其中位于92m深度的卵石层(C1^#测温孔)降温速率为0.54℃·d^-1,位于209m深度的砂质泥岩(C3^#测温孔)降温速率为0.9℃·d^-1;根据实测温度可以预测地层形成冻结帷幕的交圈时间、厚度、平均温度等冻结设计参数.深部裂隙岩体冻结温度实测资料对指导冻结帷幕设计与施工具有重要实践意义.     

双轴应力下非贯通节理岩体压缩损伤本构模型

针对目前节理岩体损伤变量定义中大多仅考虑节理长度、倾角等几何性质,而未考虑节理抗剪强度等力学性质的不足,基于断裂力学中的由于单个节理存在引起的附加应变能增量与损伤力学中的损伤应变能释放量相关联的观点,推导出了在双轴应力下含单条非贯通闭合节理岩体的损伤变量计算公式,并根据断裂力学理论对双轴压缩荷载下的单个节理尖端应力强度因子计算方法进行了研究,得出了应力强度因子KⅠ、KⅡ的计算公式;同时考虑多节理间的相互作用,给出了单组单排及单组多排非贯通节理尖端应力强度因子计算公式,由此建立了相应的节理岩体双轴压缩损伤本构模型,并利用该模型进行了相应的算例分析。结果表明：对含单条非贯通闭合节理的岩体而言,当节理倾角小于其内摩擦角时,岩体强度与完整岩石相同,岩体损伤为0,而后随着节理倾角增加,岩体强度、损伤随节理倾角的变化分别呈开口向上及向下的抛物线,当节理倾角约为60°时,岩体损伤最大,强度最低。随着节理长度增加,岩体损伤增加,而随着节理内摩擦角的增加,岩体损伤则减小;对含单组单排非贯通闭合节理的岩体而言,当节理总长度一定时,随着单条节理长度的减小及节理条数的增加,岩体损伤则逐渐减小,但其减小幅度与节理条数并不呈线性关系。     

空间坐标系下地下岩体结构面数学描述方法初探

钻孔摄像技术能够采集到大量地下岩体内的结构面数据,分析其数据有助于进一步揭示结构面的空间分布规律和组合关系。针对钻孔内获得的结构面几何参数的特殊性,提出了综合倾角、倾向和位置深度等参数的特征点描述方法,在局部坐标系下对结构面特征点的描述方法及计算过程进行了阐述,推导出了结构面几何参数与特征点坐标之间的转换公式,在全局坐标系下对特征点坐标进行了归一化处理,最后对空间坐标系下特征点的分布规律进行了探索。研究结果表明,（1）空间坐标系下的结构面特征点是结构面几何参数和空间位置的综合反映;（2）特征点在空间的分布反映了结构面的空间组合关系。为结构面的统计分析提供新的思路和方法,有助于开展结构面的空间分布规律和交切关系研究,对钻孔摄像技术的发展和以结构面几何特征为基础的岩体稳定性评价起到积极的推动作用。