全球观测系统实地观测的内容和要求

全球性观测系统在检测，监测和预测地球系统的变化中发挥着越工重要的作用。地球系统的复杂性，多尺度性，非线性性，突变性，非平衡性等要求各种全球性观测系统之间必须加强联系与协调。评述了全球性观测系统联系与协调的发展趋势，并依据《全球性观测系统实地观测的内容和体系纲要》、介绍了全球性观测系统实地观测的内容和规范要求。     

煤层倾角与覆岩变形破裂分带

地下采煤中三带(冒落带、裂隙带、弯曲带)高度的判断是预测采空引起地表变形破坏程度的依据。在诸多的影响因素中, 煤层倾角是控制三带高度的最主要因素。建立在实测统计基础上的经验范围值用于三带高度的判断带有一定的人为性。急倾斜煤层中冒落带和裂隙带高度随煤层倾角变化的规律已被褐示[7].通过弹塑性岩石材料的非线性有限元模拟, 本文提出了利用应力重分布图判断中、缓倾角煤层采空区覆岩三带高度的方法, 并应用于实际工程。     

湖相沉积物与全球变化的研究

为预测未来全球的气候变化，必须了解在过去水圈、气圈与生物圈的各自作用以及它们是如何相互影响的。为此，ＩＧＢＰ（国际地圈－生物圈计划）组织了过去全球变化项目（ＰＡＧＥＳ）。湖相沉积物保存着与ＰＡＧＥＳ有关的不同时空尺度的丰富的地球系统历史信息，特别是湖相沉积物包含着可以说明全球气候变化的水圈与生物圈的陆源组分的反应。这种信息对了解影响气候变化的流域是如何发展的至关重要。笔者应用西伯利亚贝加尔湖与中国西北部青海湖作为两个实例，叙述了多学科研究湖相沉积物物理与化学参数，并利用这些参数测定了晚更新世湖区及其流域对过去气圈的变化以及日幅射分布的影响     

地球演化中最大的两级节律

地球演化中表现出的最大两级节律为１０×１０８ａ和２×１０８ａ。每２个相邻节律可合并为一个周期，因而地球演化的最大两级周期为２０×１０８ａ和４×１０８ａ。岩石学、地层学和构造地质学方面诸多证据都说明这种划分的合理性。对于地球演化中的这类大型节律及周期性的成因机制，用笔者已提出的“地球多级驻波脉动理论模型”可以得到较合理的解释。     

岩浆活动旋回与地球多层对流系统

从地球历史的节律角度讨论岩浆活动旋回。岩浆活动旋回可按时间与空间分出相互对应的不同尺度，进而可与深度尺度不同的地球多层对流系统相互对应，从而给予了岩浆活动旋回的动力学意义。岩浆活动的时间周期愈长，空间尺度亦愈大，需要的维持岩浆源存在的热能、挥发分供给的数量与深度亦愈大。     

中强震与江苏新沂地震台地电阻率异常的关系研究

运用速率法、滑动富氏法对江苏省新沂地震台1990年至1999年地电阻率观测资料进行了分析，研究了电阻率异常与江苏省及其邻近地区的中强震的关系。结果表明．从1994年到1997年之间发生的中强震，新沂地震台地电阻率3个测向有不同程度的异常与之对应。研究结果表明．资料异常呈现出的各向异性和其对应性与地球自转加速年份、孕震期的应力状态、震区构造、介质结栖有关。     

应力调制在辽宁地区地震预报中的应用

应用应力调制图像法对辽宁地区1970年以来的21次ML≥5．0地震进行了检验。结果显示，有18次地震的震前出现了S值异常单元，虚报地震11次，漏报3次，R值评分0．58。     

Recent Progress and Future Prospects in Solar Physics, and Their Relevance for Planet Earth

Understanding our star, the Sun, is of fundamental interest for life on Earth. In this paper, the status of knowledge in solar physics of roughly two decades ago is summarised, and the most recent developments in this very active field are shown, many of them achieved by means of space based missions. The Sun–Earth connection is described and, finally, an outlook on future solar research is given.     

Dynamic theory of rigid-plasticity

This paper deals with an analysis method for the response and motion of soil-like rigid-plastic bodies under seismic loading conditions. A continuity condition to determine the acceleration distribution within the rigid-plastic body when the failure occurs during seismic motions is proposed. Combining this continuity condition of acceleration and the ‘Generalized Limit Equilibrium Method (GLEM)’, the responses of the earth structure during seismic motions as well as the permanent displacements can be obtained, where GLEM is one of the limit equilibrium methods proposed by the authors for static problems and providing the approximate solution for Kötter's equation. The theoretical formulation of the method, the illustrative examples, and some comparisons between the analytical and experimental results are demonstrated.     

The International Laser Ranging Service and its support for IGGOS

The International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) was established in September 1998 as a service within the IAG to support programs in geodetic, geophysical, and lunar research activities and to provide data products to the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) in support of its prime objectives. Now in operation for 5 years, the ILRS develops: (1) the standards and specifications necessary for product consistency and (2) the priorities and tracking strategies required to maximize network efficiency. The service collects, merges, analyzes, archives and distributes satellite and lunar laser ranging data to satisfy a variety of scientific, engineering, and operational needs and encourages the application of new technologies to enhance the quality, quantity, and cost effectiveness of its data products. The ILRS works with: (1) the global network to improve station performance; (2) new satellite missions in the design and building of retroreflector targets to maximize data quality and quantity and (3) science programs to optimize scientific data yield. The ILRS Central Bureau maintains a comprehensive web site as the primary vehicle for the distribution of information within the ILRS community. The site, which can be accessed at: http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov is also available at mirrored sites at the Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) in Tokyo and the European Data Center (EDC) in Munich.During the last 2 years, the ILRS has addressed very important challenges: (1) data from the field stations are now submitted hourly and made available immediately through the data centers for access by the user community; (2) tracking on low satellites has been significantly improved through the sub-daily issue of predictions, drag functions, and the real-time exchange of time biases; (3) analysis products are now submitted in SINEX format for compatibility with the other space geodesy techniques; (4) the Analysis Working Group is heavily engaged in Pilot Projects as it works toward an ILRS “standard” global solution and (5) SLR has significantly increased its participation in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) activity, which is important to the success of IGGOS.