可拓学理论在工程地质评价中的应用

文摘将可拓工程方法与工程地质评价结合,在物元理论、可拓集合理论和关联函数运算的基础上进行关联度的计算,建立了工程地质评价的物元模型。运用此物元模型进行临港新城规划区的砂土液化评价,证明可拓学理论在工程地质多因素综合评价中的应用是可行的,并且具有定量与定性相结合、因地制宜的考虑所选取的因素等优势。     

Dynamic interaction factor considering axial load

Using the dynamic differential equation of beam and considering the surrounding soil as dynamic Winkler foundation, the simplified dynamic interaction factors of group piles are analyzed with axial load under horizontal harmonic load and horizontal seismic affection. When the axial load was replaced by zero, the expression of dynamic interaction factor would be the same as that deduced by Markris and Gazetas (1992, Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn 21(2):145–162). And under special situation analysis, there would be obvious effect on dynamic interaction factor when the axial load was large. The differences are obvious when considering axial load, and the relative errors would be 14% or greater, so it’s proper to consider axial load when the dynamic interaction factor are calculated.     

The allochthonous genesis model about the extra-thick and high-quality coalbed in Xianfeng basin, Yunnan Province, China

An extra-thick high-quality brown coal was found to have accumulated in the Xianfeng basin in Yunnan Province, China. There are also abundant sedimentary marks of allochthonous genesis in the extra-thick coalbeds. These genesis indicators reveal a new submodel about allochthonous accumulation, which is: the long-distance river transportation of detrital plant and inorganic matter → the sedimentation of detrital plant fan delta + the hypautochthony accumulation of local lakeshore swamp peat → the autochthonous accumulation of local lacustrine peat + the sedimentation of fine inorganic matter → the mixing and transportation by flood current or weak storm flow or underwater gravity flow → the mechanical differentiation and their resedimentation between detrital plant and inorganic matter. This submodel can be called “the double accumulation of lacustrine detrital plant fan delta and underwater gravity flow” or “Xianfeng submodel”, which supplements the “allochthonous-hypautochthony lacustrine combination accumulation model” of the extra-thick coalbeds. The combination accumulation model is based on the Fuxin submodel and Fushun submodel in the Chinese Mesozoic and Cenozoic intarcontinental fault basin. Translated from Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2006, 24(1): 1–9 [译自: 沉积学报]     

华坪土地分布与地质背景关系

以土壤地质学为手段,分析地质构造及母质、水分和第四纪沉积物因素对土壤类型分布规律的影响,而后研究全县土地资源特征,有利于针对当前土地利用中的诸多不利方面进行改进,挖掘土地利用潜力。     

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.     

Application of the FAO quantitative and SINDI methods to assess the quality of different soils in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)

In the region of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), over half of the soils are under cropping. This vast agricultural activity, combined with other anthropological uses, has led to a deterioration of the soil quality and virtual degradation. Therefore, it was deemed to assess the quality of these soils, which was achieved by applying two different methods. Three soils, representative of typical conditions in this community, were sampled and diverse properties were analysed in order to apply two different approaches. The first soil evaluation was carried out by a traditional method developed by FAO using a productivity index, whereas the second method consisted of the application of a new method called SINDI, developed in New Zealand. Both approaches make an evaluation based on a number of indicators that differs in each case. These differences explain why each method ranked the soils studied in different order reaching diverse conclusions on their quality.     

广东省主要站点降雨侵蚀力时间分布规律研究

利用广东省6个站点47 a的日雨量资料,计算并分析了各站降雨侵蚀力的时间分布规律。结果表明,根据降雨侵蚀力峰值在年内出现的次数,可以分为单峰型和双峰型。降雨侵蚀力的年内分布非常集中,连续3个月的降雨侵蚀力平均占全年侵蚀力的一半以上,越靠近沿海的站点侵蚀力的集中度越高。降雨量与降雨侵蚀力集中度的分布规律一致,但与降雨量相比,降雨侵蚀力的分布更加集中。各站降雨量与降雨侵蚀力的倾向率均大于零,说明自1954年以来,雨量和降雨侵蚀力均有不同程度的增加趋势,降雨侵蚀力的增幅远远大于降雨量的增幅。但降雨侵蚀力倾向率的年内分布却是正负皆有。     

黄河三角洲粉土液化的试验研究

在野外自然地理和地质调查的基础上，以黄河地区可液化场地粉土为研究对象，利用室内动三轴和振动柱试验进行测定，分析了动荷载作用下粉土的动应力应变关系并模拟了地震荷载作用下粉土的孔压响应及抗液化强度，得出了液化破坏标准，提出了原状粉土的振动孔压上升模型。对试验结果进行分析发现，随着粘粒含量的增加，粉砂、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土达到相同剪应变所需的动剪应力也依次增加；粉土孔压比0．68、粉砂土孔压比0．87作为液化破坏开始的标志；粉土发生液化所需的循环应力比大于砂土。这些研究为以后建立适合本地区的饱和地基土地震破坏判别方法提供了参数和依据。     

Mapping the spatial variation of soil water content at the field scale with different ground penetrating radar techniques

Two ground penetrating radar (GPR) techniques were used to estimate the shallow soil water content at the field scale. The first technique is based on the ground wave velocity measured with a bistatic impulse radar connected to 450 MHz ground-coupled antennas. The second technique is based on inverse modeling of an off-ground monostatic TEM horn antenna in the 0.8–1.6 GHz frequency range. Data were collected on a 8 by 9 m partially irrigated intensive research plot and along four 148.5 m transects. Time domain reflectometry, capacitance sensors, and volumetric soil samples were used as reference measurements. The aim of the study was to test the applicability of the ground wave method and the off-ground inverse modeling approach at the field scale for a soil with a silt loam texture. The results for the ground wave technique were difficult to interpret due to the strong attenuation of the GPR signal, which is related to the silt loam texture at the test site. The root mean square error of the ground wave technique was 0.076 m³ m⁻³ when compared to the TDR measurements and 0.102 m³ m⁻³ when compared with the volumetric soil samples. The off-ground monostatic GPR measured less within-field soil water content variability than the reference measurements, resulting in a root mean square error of 0.053 m³ m⁻³ when compared with the TDR measurements and an error of 0.051 m³ m⁻³ when compared with the volumetric soil samples. The variability between the two GPR measurements was even larger with a RSME of 0.115 m³ m⁻³. In summary, both GPR methods did not provide adequate spatial information on soil water content variation at the field scale. The main reason for the deviating results of the ground wave method was the poor data quality due to high silt and clay content at the test site. Additional reasons were shallow reflections and the dry upper soil layer that cannot be detected by the ground wave method. In the case of off-ground GPR, the high sensitivity to the dry surface layer is the most likely reason for the observed deviations. The off-ground GPR results might be improved by using a different antenna that allows data acquisition in a lower frequency range.