呼和浩特地区隐伏断层土壤气氡、汞地球化学特征

根据呼和浩特地区隐伏断层土壤气中氡、 汞的浓度, 探讨了断层的气体地球化学特征及其确定隐伏断层的方法。 在呼和浩特地区8条测线上进行了土壤气中氡、 汞浓度野外现场测量, 共2014个测点。 测量结果表明: 土壤气中氡浓度背景值为2238.7～3715.4 Bq/m³, 土壤气汞浓度背景值为21.1～79.4 ng/m³。 在8个地球化学剖面中有7个在断层带上发现了异常, 其土壤气氡、 汞异常强度一般是背景值的1.7～10.3倍。 根据断层带上土壤气氡、 汞异常特征确定了断层的具体位置。 土壤气氡、 汞测量是隐伏断层探测中非常有效的手段。     

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤物理参数时间变化特征及其影响因子研究

以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究靶区,利用2020年全年克拉美丽陆-气相互作用观测试验站连续观测数据,分析了古尔班通古特沙漠土壤温湿度、土壤热通量、土壤盐分及导热率等主要土壤参数变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：（1）古尔班通古特沙漠土壤温度年日均值变化呈倒“U”型,季节变化特征明显,总体表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,浅层土壤温度的变化幅度大于深层,湿度变化特征为春夏高,秋冬低,通常表现为随土壤深度增加土壤湿度逐渐升高;土壤热通量变化总体表现为春夏高,秋冬低,日变化幅度春夏秋冬依次递减。（2）古尔班通古特沙漠土壤导热率年均值为0.832 W·m-1·K-1,导热率与降水呈显著的正相关,土壤温湿度、土壤盐分是影响沙漠区土壤导热率的主要因子。在冻土条件下,土壤导热率平均为0.634 W·m-1·K-1,且其随土壤湿度增加而增加,冻土时导热随湿度增加的速率约为非冻土时的2.5倍;在降水条件下,土壤含水量小于0.06 m3·m-3时土壤导热率呈现缓慢增加趋势,大于0.06 m3·m-3时随湿度上升而迅速增加;在融雪时期,土壤含水量小于0.11 m3·m-3时土壤导热率随湿度上升缓慢增加,大于0.11 m3·m-3时土壤导热率迅速上升。     

马兰黄土的应力-应变本构方程

依据马兰黄土的室内CU试验,运用土力学的相关理论,建议性地提出了马兰黄土的应力-应变本构方程。通过对不同围压下的试验结果(应变小于15%)与理论模型的拟合发现,二者吻合较好。另外,与以往的模型相比,本文的模型参数a和b只需通过一次常规三轴试验即可全部求得,具有参数少、容易确定的优点。     

堆载下被动桩与土体相互作用的FLAC三维分析

被动桩问题是近年来岩土工程领域的一个研究热点,但是对于堆载下桩、土之间复杂的相互作用一直缺乏系统的三维分析。本文采用FLAC3D建立了有限差分模型,对单排桩三维工作性状进行分析,重点研究堆载条件、桩身刚度及土层分布对桩身位移和桩侧土压力的影响情况,并籍此对软土地基的桩、土共同作用机理加以阐述,得出一些有益结论。分析表明,软土地基中桩侧土压力的分布可简化为线性模式,本文对此进行了线性拟合。     

基于数字图像的土、岩和混凝土内部结构定量分析和力学数值计算的研究进展

土、岩及混凝土是一种内部结构极其复杂的材料,内部细观组成和结构决定了它们在外力作用下内部应力和应变等物理场的分布状态,在很大程度上控制了它们的宏观力学响应和破坏机理和过程。自1995年以来,数字图像处理技术作为一种材料细观空间结构及几何形态的精确量测和数字表述手段快速地被应用于沥青混凝土、水泥混凝土、土和岩体材料细观结构定量分析中来。本文在研究相关文献的基础上,分析和研究了数字图像技术在土、岩及混凝土内部结构定量分析和力学数值计算中的发展过程和研究成果,内容包括:单个骨料颗粒形态特征定量分析;土、岩和混凝土内部结构定量分析;岩体结构定量分析中的应用;基于数字图像处理的土、岩和混凝土细观结构力学计算。在此基础上,本文进一步对数字图像技术在岩土领域中的应用进展及未来的发展趋势进行了探讨,认为数字图像作为一种空间分布测量手段和数字表述方法使得它具有巨大的潜力,特别是在岩土领域的纵深发展过程中,它可能实现考虑细微观结构性的岩土力学和工程分析和预测的、新的方法和理论。     

现代黄河水下三角洲粉土的临界水力坡降探讨

通过室内试验，测定不同密实度粉土的临界水力坡降。由试验结果可以看出，粉土的临界水力坡降与一般砂土有着较大差异，一般耗生土临界水力坡降icr＝（ρ-ρw）/ρw，变化范围在0.8-1.5之产，而现代黄河水下三角洲粉土的临界水力坡降为9.5-16.5。同时对土体进行受力分析，考虑颗粒间的凝聚力，对以上结果产生的机理,工找出临界水力坡降与其物理性质指标之间的关系。     

黄河流域降雨侵蚀力对全球变化的响应

分析土壤侵蚀力对全球变化的响应,有助于国家和区域未来水土保持宏观战略的决策.本文利用Had-CM3模型,在A2和B2情景下系统研究了未来不同时期（2020年、2050年和2080年）黄河流域降雨侵蚀力的潜在变化.结果表明在全球气候变化条件下,黄河流域的降雨侵蚀力有显著的增加;增加的幅度随着GCM情景和研究时期的不同而不同,从南向北逐渐增大;A2情景下,黄河流域的降雨侵蚀力分别增加11.5%（2020年）、24.8%（2050年）和40.6%（2080年）,B2情景下的相应变化分别为20.9%、12.5%和20.8%;加强中、长期土地利用规划、植被建设和水土保持是应对全球变化的基本方略.     

Applicability of Single and Sequential Extractions for Assessing the Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils

Heavy metal polluted sites are bearing an acute hazardous risk for the groundwater, but also a potential one. While the acute risk can be assessed directly via seepage water measurements, determination of the potential risk is much more complex. It results from the sum of all reactions that are capable to mobilize heavy metals under worst case environ-mental conditions. Using a fourfold sequential extraction (SE₄) such a worst case was simulated for four soils highly contaminated with Pb, Zn, and Cu. The resulting potential mobilizable amounts ϕ_pm have been compared with those derived from 6 single extractions. By means of variance analyses, it is shown that ϕ_pm of lead can be represented by a single extraction with NH₂OH. In contrary, ϕ_pm of zinc can be represented using the pH_stat test or an extraction with aqua regia, while ϕ_pm of copper can be represented only by aqua regia extraction. The water-soluble amounts deriving from the DEV-S4 test do not correlate with the potential mobilizable amounts of any metal. Therefore, an assessment of contaminated sites should include an aqua regia extraction additionally to the seepage water analysis.     

Developing a sediment budget for a small drainage basin in Australia

A sediment budget was developed for the 1.7 km² Maluna Creek drainage basin located in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia, for the period 1971-86. the impact of viticulture, which commenced at Maluna in 1971, was studied using erosion plots, with caesium-137 as an indicator of both soil erosion and sedimentation. Two methods were used to estimate vineyard soil losses from caesium-137 measurements. Sediment output from the catchment was measured for three years, and extrapolated from readings taken at a nearby long-term stream flow gauging station for the remaining 13 years. Relative amounts of soil loss from forest (60 per cent basin area), grazing land (30 per cent) and vineyards (10 per cent) were calculated. Soil losses by rain splash detachment were ten times greater from bare/cultivated sufaces than from the forest. Erosion plots of area 2 m² showed no significant differences in soil loss between forest and grassland but, under bare soil, losses were 100 times greater. the ¹³⁷Cs method was employed to calculate net soil loss from all vineyard blocks using both a previously established calibration curve and a proportional model. the latter method gave estimates of soil loss which were 3-9 times greater than by the calibration curve, and indicated that average soil losses from the vineyard were equivalent to 62 t ha^?1 y^?1 (1971-86). It was estimated that the forest contributed 1-8 per cent, the grazing land 1.6 per cent, and the vineyard 96.6 per cent of the total soil loss during that period. Sediment storages within the fluvial system adjacent to the vineyard ws 9460 t for the period, whereas sediment output was equivalent to 215 t km^?1 y^?1. Independent measurements of soil erosion, storage, and output showed that 56 per cent of the eroded sediment remained in the catchment, and 34 per cent was transported out by Maluna Creek. the budget was able to be balanced to within 10 per cent.     

郎溪十字铺茶园土壤环境与土壤动物

这是一篇有关茶园土壤环境和土壤动物关系的调查研究。通过对不同种植年限、不同产量和土壤类型茶园取样调查,基本摸清茶园土壤动物的组成、数量和分布,找出了茶园土壤动物的优势和常见类群。并通过六个样地的对比得出:茶树种植时间愈久,产量愈高,随着土壤理化性质变化,土壤动物愈丰富。根据斯皮尔曼等级相关系数分析证明,土壤动物的丰富度与土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷含量和土壤容重大小呈正相关,达到极密切和密切程度;与土壤PH值大小呈负相关,达到密切程度;黄红壤中土壤动物类群数明显高于黄棕壤。