唐山断裂带南西段和北东段土壤气Rn和CO2浓度特征

本文通过测量唐山断裂带南西段王兰庄和北东段巍峰山的土壤气Rn和CO₂浓度, 探讨了Rn和CO₂浓度的空间分布特征及其与断裂活动的关系。 测量结果显示, 王兰庄剖面和巍峰山剖面土壤气Rn浓度范围分别为691~57 671 Bq/m³和471~32 739 Bq/m³, CO₂浓度范围分别为0.17%~7.21%和0.08%~1.71%。 两个剖面Rn和CO₂浓度均高于区域背景值, 这与唐山断裂带断层的开放状态有关。 Rn和CO₂释放强度(K_Q)在王兰庄剖面分别为2.90和4.04, 在巍峰山剖面释放强度分别为0.90和0.99。 王兰庄剖面测线中部土壤气浓度明显高于两端, 而巍峰山剖面测线中部与两端浓度平均值相近, 这种浓度空间分布特征的差异主要是断层破碎程度不同所致。 巍峰山剖面土壤气Rn浓度水平较高, 地球物理学研究发现此区域应力值高, 断层活动性较强, 表明土壤气Rn浓度与断层活动性有着密切的关系。     

GEOLOGICAL HAZARD CHARACTERISTICS AND MACROSCOPIC EPICENTER OF NOVEMBER 25, 2016, ARKETAO,XINJIANG, MW6.6 EARTHQUAKE

The M_W6.6 Arketao earthquake occurred on November 25, 2016 in Muji Basin of the Kongur extensional system in the eastern Pamir. The region is the Pamir tectonic knot, one of the two structural knots where the India plate collides with the Eurasian plate. This region is one of the most active areas in mainland China. The seismogenic structure of the earthquake is preliminarily determined as the Muji dextral-slip fault which locates in the north of Kongur extensional system. Based on field surveys of seismic geological hazard, and combined with the characteristics of high altitude area and the focal mechanism solution, this paper summarizes the associated distribution and development characteristics of sandy soil liquefaction, ground fissures, collapse, and landslide. There are 2 macroscopic epicenters of the earthquake, that is, Weirima village and Bulake village. There are a lot of geological hazards distributed in the macroscopic epicenters. Sand liquefaction is mainly distributed in the south of Kalaarte River, and area of sand liquefaction is 1 000m². The liquefaction material gushed along the mouth of springs and ground fissures, because of the frozen soil below the surface. More than 60% of soil liquefactions are formed in the mouth of springs. According to the trenching, these liquefactions occurred in 1.8 meters underground in the gray green silty clay and silty sand layers. The ground fissures are mainly caused by brittle failure, and the deformation of upper frozen soil layer is caused by the deformation of lower soil layer. The ground fissures at Weirima village are distributed in a chessboard-like pattern in the flood plain of Kalaarte River. In the Bulake village, the main movement features of the ground fissure are tension and sinistral slip, and the directions of ground fissures are 90°~135°. The collapse and landslide are one of the important geological disasters in the disaster area. The rolling stones falling in landslide blocked the roads and smashed the wire rods, and the biggest rolling stone is 4 meters in length. We only found a small landslide in the earthquake area, but there are a large number of unstable slopes and potential landslides in the surroundings. The ground fissures associated with sand liquefaction are an important cause of serious damage to the buildings.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地水分补排关系

湿地水分在地下水含水层-土壤-植物-大气界面的运移和转换是维持能量和营养物平衡的重要环节,水分运移是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.数值模型模拟已成为水分运移研究的重要手段,然而限于复杂的湿地自然条件及有限的监测手段,部分界面水分通量连续动态变化数据的获取及定量化工作较为困难,目前应用数值模拟法于湿地水分运移研究的案例仍不多见.本文以鄱阳湖典型湿地为研究区,构建垂向一维数值模型,阐释了湖泊水位显著季节性变化条件下,湿地水分在不同界面的传输过程,量化了湿地水分的补排关系.结果表明:(1)界面水分通量季节性差异大,降雨入渗地面和根系层水分渗漏均对降雨变化响应敏感,主要集中在4—6月,分别占年总量(1450和1053 mm)的65%和73%.土面蒸发和植物蒸腾年总量为176和926 mm,土面蒸发主要受气候条件影响,植物蒸腾还与植物生长特征有关,均集中在7—8月,分别占年总量的30%和47%.深层土壤向浅层根系层的水分补给集中发生在地下水浅埋时段6—8月,占年总量(609 mm)的76%;(2)湿地植物根系层水分补排受鄱阳湖水位季节性波动影响显著.除丰水期(7—9月)主要补给为深层土壤水外,退、枯、涨水期的主要补给均为降水入渗.涨水期(4—6月)和枯水期(12—3月)的主要排泄为根系层水分渗漏,丰水期以植物蒸腾排泄为主,退水期(10—11月),土面蒸发与植物蒸腾为主要排泄,且比重相当.本文定量了鄱阳湖典型湿地不同界面水分连续交换关系,区分了土面蒸发和植物蒸腾,辨析了各界面水分的主要影响因子,研究结果有助于深入理解水分在湿地生态系统地下水含水层-土壤-植物-大气界面的相互作用机制,认识湖泊洲滩湿地水量平衡,为揭示湖泊水情变化对湿地生态的可能影响提供依据,为湿地生态水文过程研究提供重要方法和理论参考.     

Changes associated with Phragmites australis invasion in plant community and soil properties: A study on three invaded communities in a wetland,Victoria, Australia

Phragmites australis invasion is altering plant communities and therefore, soil properties have been changed significantly. This study compared the diversity among three communities in a wetland to assess the impact of invasion by Phragmites and the associated impact on soil properties. Three diversity indices, species richness (S), evenness (E) and Shanon-Weiner index (H) had significantly higher values in uninvaded plots compared to invaded in all the communities. Invaded plots had the lowest diversity, with H = 0 and Simpson’s index (D) = 1, (i.e. they were monospecific). These results support the idea that a reduction in diversity can be expected in wetlands colonized by Phragmites. Phragmites invasion significantly increased soil moisture, EC, phenolics, organic carbon, dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass (C, N, P) with reduction of pH and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi spore density compared with uninvaded zones. In addition, the study of antifungal phytochemistry of Phragmites elucidated the decrease of the competitive abilities of native plant Melaleuca ericifolia by interfering with formation of mycorrhizal associations and biomass. Our results suggest that Phragmites invasion has caused significant ecological alterations in communities by demonstrating a combined effect to plant diversity and soil variables.     

砂土液化标贯判别法在天津地区适用性分析

针对天津地区典型的饱和粉土液化判别现状以及抗震设防标准大幅调整的情况,进行标贯判别法的适用性分析。通过收集大量工程钻孔数据,结合唐山地震震后调查研究结果,对比分析国内三种规范标贯法的液化判别效果;并结合Seed简化法对明显液化区、非液化区数据进行液化回判成功率对比。研究结果表明,在Ⅶ度(0.15g)和Ⅷ度(0.20g)条件下,现行《建筑抗震设计规范》(2010版)法在天津地区液化判别的安全度最高,在液化区的判定成功率最高,但在非液化区的误判率也很高,且判定的液化程度等级与实际液化情况相比明显偏重;地标《岩土工程勘察规范》法在液化区的判定成功率较高,与现行抗规2010版接近,但对非液化区的误判率降低比较明显,判定液化程度等级与实际情况吻合性较好,既保证了安全度,又体现出了一定的经济性,对天津地区粉土液化的适用性更好。     

可液化倾斜场地中桩基动力响应振动台试验研究

为研究倾斜场地中桩基的动力响应,以2011年新西兰地震中受损的Dallington桥为原型,设计并完成可液化倾斜场地桥梁桩-土相互作用的振动台模型试验。试验再现了喷砂、冒水、地裂缝、场地流滑等宏观现象。试验结果表明,土层足够的液化势及惯性是造成倾斜场地侧向流滑的必要条件;浅层土相比深层土更易液化,液化层中的加速度由下至上呈现逐渐衰减的趋势,而未液化砂土层却表现为逐渐增大的特征;深部测点的桩侧土压力明显大于浅部测点,且土体的液化会弱化土对结构的压力;结构应变最大值位于上部桥台,而结构弯矩在桩身中部及土层分界面附近出现两个较大值,桩端嵌固及倾斜场地流滑是造成出现两个弯矩较大值的主要原因。     

多功能参数静力触探在地震液化判别方法中的应用进展研究

地震液化是引起地基失稳和上部结构损害的直接原因之一,而液化震害预防的第一步就是对工程场地进行液化预测和判别。静力触探(CPT)作为最主要的原位测试技术,因其具有快速、低廉、高效等优点,被广泛用于液化判别。根据国内外近年来CPT技术的发展,对不同形式的CPT[孔压静力触探技术(CPTU)技术,电阻率孔压静力触探(RCPTU)技术、地震波孔压静力触探技术(SCPTU)技术等]在地震液化评价中的应用进行系统的论述。特别介绍一种基于状态参数进行液化判别的方法,另外还简要介绍基于概率统计分析法。比较和梳理各种液化判别方法的差异性,最后,在已有研究成果的基础上分析现有CPT液化判别法存在的问题与不足。分析结果表明:状态参数法能够同时考虑围压应力和孔隙比的影响,有效地将室内试验与现场试验联系起来;SCPTU、RCPTU液化判别框架还需进一步拓展与完善;概率统计分析法需结合相应软件使其更具适用性。     

黄土场地地震液化研究

通过往返加荷动三轴试验,对兰州某民用机场扩建工程场地的饱和黄土和砂土进行了液化试验。在试验结果的基础上,运用抗液化剪应力判别方法、地震危险性分析计算结果以及根据有限元一维模型计算求得的该场地的地震剪应力,对该场地饱和黄土和砂土的地震液化进行了综合判断。结果表明,在未来遭受到50年10％超越概率的地震作用时,该场地的饱和黄土比饱和砂土更容易发生液化。     

工程活动对寒区的影响及其在寒区分类研究

寒区冻土环境与人类活动联系越来越紧密,人类工程活动已逐渐成为影响冻土及其生态环境的重要因素,是导致冻融灾害的主要因素。本文定性地讨论了人类工程活动对冻土及环境变化的影响,并提出了对冻土工程活动进行分类的思想,并给出一种分类方法。     

砂土自由场地震响应的离心机试验研究

离心机模型试验是研究岩土地震工程问题的有效手段。本文使用层状剪切箱,通过干落法制备了均匀的砂土模型,进行了离心机振动试验;观测了振动过程中孔隙水压力的发展,土体的加速度响应、侧向变形以及竖向沉降。结果表明,土体的运动和变形与孔隙水压力的发展密切相关,但离心机中的试验现象和现场观测的现象存在显著区别。研究结果增强了对振动过程中土-水之间相互作用机理的理解,同时为自由场地震响应分析方法的验证提供了基础数据。