Infestation of the surf clam Mesodesma donacium by the spionid polychaete Polydora bioccipitalis

The surf clam Mesodesma donacium is an economically important species for Chilean and Peruvian shellfisheries. This clam is often infested by Polydora bioccipitalis, a species belonging to the Spionidae, the most common parasitic polychaete group. To study this association, clams were sampled monthly over a one-year period in northern Chile. Collected clams covered the entire available size range and were classified into four infestation levels in order to study: (1) the relationship between prevalence of infestation (PI) and host size, (2) the temporal pattern of infestation events related to seasonal temperature changes, and (3) the relationship between infestation, body condition index (BCI) and gonado-somatic index (GSI). Additionally, growth rate and digging ability of clams with different infestation levels was studied. A logistic regression model best explained the relationship between PI and host size, with the smallest infested clam being 34 mm long and PI increasing steeply thereafter. Ontogenetic shifts in the habitat of the clam and ontogenetic changes, mainly in shell morphology, seem to explain the sigmoid pattern. Periods of increased shell blistering after infestation by P. bioccipitalis showed a similar seasonal pattern with GSI and BCI of non-infested clams, suggesting either an association between infestation ability and low condition of the clam or common environmental triggers for those factors. Heavily infested clams showed a significant lower BCI, growth rate and digging ability; however, given its low number, they are unlikely to be significant in terms of the local population survival. However, the infestation could play a key role in explaining mass mortality of northern populations during El Niño events, given the latitudinal differences in PI and the fact that infestation ability could be enhanced by increased temperature and facilitated in stressed clams.     

The biology,ecology and history of toheroa (Paphies ventricosa): a review of scientific,local and customary knowledge

Toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) were formerly abundant on west and south-facing New Zealand surf beaches. Harvesting of this surf clam was intense during the early to mid-1900s, and populations declined to levels where harvesting was no longer viable. Despite having now been protected for 35–45 years, toheroa have failed to recover. This paper reviews the history of human interactions with toheroa and our understanding of their ecology, with a view to identifying knowledge requirements for management and restoration. Historical and legal documents pertaining to the use of marine resources are reviewed and scientific understanding compared with customary and local knowledge. We consider the factors that may be preventing toheroa recovery and make recommendations for research into life history, habitat requirements and the ecological consequences of changing land use. Management options are suggested to address the effects of vehicle use on beaches, poaching and the failings of the customary harvest system.     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)6个微卫星引物的分离和鉴定

应用6个微卫星标记在奉化泥蚶种群上进行扩增,以检测其遗传信息。扩增结果表明,引物所扩增出的等位基因数目变化从3个到7个,平均等位基因数目为5．4。引物的多态性信息含量范围为0．111-0．814。最大的观察杂合度风为0．690,最小为0．121。期望杂合度风范围为0．117-0．848。位点TMP22显著偏离了哈代-温伯格平衡。6个引物在18个马来西亚泥蚶上进行扩增,结果只有TMP18和TMP36在马来西亚模板上有扩增产物。     

硬壳蛤的核型研究

基于硬壳蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria（Linnaeus,1758））是一种生长速度快、经济效益高的埋栖型双壳类,为给生产提供更多的遗传学理论依据,以硬壳蛤胚胎（4-8细胞期）为材料,通过压片法和空气干燥法进行染色体制片和核型分析。结果表明：硬壳蛤二倍体染色体数目为2n=38,其中中部着丝粒染色体（m）有14对,亚中部着丝粒染色体（sm）有4对,亚端部着丝粒染色体（sr）有1对,无端部着丝粒染色体（r）。核型公式为28m＋8sm＋2st,染色体臂数=74。未发现性染色体和随体。     

中国大陆第5地震轮回青藏块体强震活动特征

1977年以来（中国大陆第5地震轮回）青藏块体发生11次7级以上地震,分析7级以上地震及地震前5级以上地震活动特征,结果表明,7级以上主震发生前,震中区5级以上地震活动一般存在20年以上的平静异常,地震活动特征差异与主震震源机制解及构造位置密切相关。     

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)血细胞转录组序列中免疫相关基因的结构与mRNA表达量分析

贝类血细胞直接参与异物吞噬和包囊作用,还在伤口修复、炎症反应过程中发挥重要作用,是机体免疫防御的承担者。本研究采用RNA-seq测序技术研究了鳗弧菌感染前后泥蚶血细胞的转录组序列,通过序列组装,获得了α-葡萄糖苷酶(GAA)、α-甘露糖苷酶(LAMAN)、芳基硫酸酯酶B(ASB)、天冬酰胺氨基葡萄糖酶(AGA)、整合素β3亚基(ITB3)、热休克蛋白9(HSPA9)和Toll相互作用蛋白(TOLLIP)序列,利用Orffinder获得了其编码蛋白序列,并对蛋白序列进行了理化性质、二级结构、保守结构域和三级结构分析。结果表明:7种蛋白质二级结构均含有α螺旋、β折叠及无规则卷曲,泥蚶和人类ITB3和TOLLIP具有相同的保守结构域, Swiss-model同源建模获得的三级结构与模板同源性均超过35%(TOLLIP除外)。鳗弧菌刺激后,GAA、LAMAN、ASB、AGA和HSPA9的表达量显著增加,ITB3和TOLLIP表达量变化不明显。该研究补充和完善了对泥蚶免疫相关基因的认识,并为进一步开展泥蚶抗病机理研究提供了重要的理论依据。     

Revision of the Clam Shrimp Genus Magumbonia from the Upper Jurassic of the Luanping Basin,Hebei, Northern China

The diverse clam shrimp Nestoria-Keratestheria fauna is widely distributed in the Dabeigou Formation in northern Hebei and eastern Inner Mongolia of China. Its important component genus Magumbonia from the Dabeigou Formation in the Luanping Basin, northern Hebei, China, is revised on the basis of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the type species M. jingshangensis Wang, 1984, which revealed morphological features not recognized previously. These include coarse reticulation on the umbo and prominent growth lines ornamented with densely spaced, small tubercles and fine lirae.     

海水钙浓度对远海梭子蟹软壳持续时间与形态变化的影响

盐度30、pH7.5～8.5、温度27～30℃条件下,将刚刚蜕壳的远海梭子蟹放入不同钙浓度梯度(0～400 mg/L)的人工海水中,进行钙浓度对远海梭子蟹蟹壳硬化影响的实验。结果表明:0～12.5 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间在10.4～11.4 h之间,25～200 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间在6.1～7.7 h,400 mg/L浓度组的软壳持续时间为4.4 h;不同浓度组下,壳宽的增加差异不显著(P﹥0.05),壳长的增加差异也不显著(P﹥0.05);50 mg/L浓度组与400 mg/L浓度组体重增加差异显著(P<0.05),其它各浓度组之间体重增加差异不显著(P﹥0.05)。     

Understanding and contextualizing social impacts from the privatization of fisheries: An overview

Fisheries management around the world has experimented with regulations to promote privatization, in order to reach such multifaceted goals as ending overfishing and reducing economic inefficiencies. This review surveys a wide range of empirical experiences in different contexts around the world to help provide a fuller picture of potential and sometimes disparate consequences from privatization in general and new ways of organizing around fishing that can follow in the wake of such measures. Looking at the many different participants in the fishing industry—from crew, small-boat owners, to households and communities—as well as the diverse sociocultural contexts in which fishing takes place, enables a better understanding of who and what is impacted, how they are impacted, why and with what further consequences, such that communities come to be seen less oppositional to economy, but rather constituted by multiple scalar processes and by economic relations comprising different motivations and behaviors.     

三种蛏的遗传多样性分析

应用AFLP技术对浙南地区分布的小荚蛏(Siliqua minimai)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)和大竹蛏(Solen grandis)3种蛏进行了基因组DNA多态性检测,并对其遗传多样性进行了分析.利用筛选出的5对引物组合,共扩增出781个清晰的位点;小荚蛏、缢蛏和大竹蛏多态位点比例依次为79.22%、84.25%和64.82%,Nei's基因多样性指数分别为0.2971、0.3070和0.2785,Shannon's多样性指数分别为0.4402、0.4575和0.4010,种内平均遗传距离为0.2585、0.2691和0.1838.研究结果表明,这3种蛏的核DNA遗传多样性水平以缢蛏为最丰富,小荚蛏次之,大竹蛏最低;并且3种蛏的共享位点很少,遗传趋异比较明显,说明3种蛏的遗传关系比较远.