则木河断裂的现今活动方式及其地形变鉴别标志探讨

根据地壳形变测量资料，探讨了则木河断裂的现今活动方式及其定性的地形变鉴别标志问题。结果表明：则木河断裂的现今活动具有明显的分段性特征，即以大箐为界分为南北两段，北段以粘滑活动为主，南段以蠕滑活动为主；沿则木河断裂带垂直位移速率空间分布特征的显著差异，可以作为鉴别断裂现今活动方式的标志之一，其位移速率的相对大小，可作为鉴别断裂现今活动方式的一种参考标志     

2008年1月我国南方冻雨过程的热力异常及其形成原因

利用中国604个地面台站的气象观测资料和NCEP 2.5°×2.5°再分析各等压面温度和环流场资料,从地面和大气垂直热力结构配置及其气候异常的角度出发,诊断分析了2008年1月我国南方雨雪冰冻过程的形成。结果表明,冻雨受灾的核心区域约为108°～113°E和25°～28°N范围,在该区域内2008年1月平均地面气温〈0...     

地基GNSS-R在复杂地形条件下的积雪探测

GNSS-R技术是一种以GNSS为信号源的全新遥感技术, 可用于监测海洋和陆地.在地基GNSS-R积雪探测研究中, 反射区域内的复杂地形不仅会引起积雪的不均匀分布, 还使得接收机能在同一时刻接收到来自多个反射界面的反射信号, 从而增加了积雪探测的难度.针对该问题, 本文利用北极圈内斯匹次卑尔根岛上布设的GNSS-R测站, 开展了复杂地形条件下的积雪探测研究.根据不同界面上的反射信号具有不同多普勒频移的特点, 本文提出了基于傅里叶变换的谱分析方法, 将不同界面的反射信号从混合信号中分离出来, 并根据特定多普勒频率段的功率来监测地表积雪变化.基于该方法, 本文分析了反射路径位于Schetelig山地区域的8颗卫星在2014年间的反射信号, 计算结果表明: 卫星PRN 2、12和28与积雪地面介电常数之间的相关系数分别为0.02、0.20和0.05, 表明这三颗卫星的反射信号与地面介电常数之间不相关; 卫星PRN 14和20与地面介电常数之间的相关系数分别为0.29和0.26, 为低度相关; PRN 17、18和25与地面介电常数之间的相关系数分别为0.43、0.54和0.44, 为中等程度相关.研究证明本文提出的方法, 可用于探测复杂地形下的地表积雪.

     

黄河源区多、少雪年土壤冻融特征分析

利用2011年10月至2017年12月黄河源区鄂陵湖野外观测数据,对比分析多雪年与少雪年土壤冻结与消融时间、土壤温湿度、地表能量分量的变化特征。结果表明:多雪年地表反照率偏高,净辐射偏低,地表感热输送偏低,土壤由热“源”转为热“汇”的时间晚于少雪年。积雪可减少土壤吸收辐射能量,减少地表感热通量,在土壤完全冻结期与消融期增大地表潜热通量,在完全冻结期,减少土壤向大气的热输送,在消融期,减少大气向土壤的热输送。积雪在冻结期有降温作用,使得多雪年土壤较早发生冻结,且同一时期土壤温度偏低;在完全冻结期有保温作用,使得土壤温度偏高;在消融期有保温(“凉”)作用,使得消融较晚,且同一时期土壤温度偏低。在整个积雪年内,多雪年浅层土壤湿度高于少雪年,积雪对浅层土壤有保湿作用。积雪使土壤开始冻结时间有所提前,开始消融的时间有所滞后,可延长该年土壤完全冻结持续天数。     

2008年初中国南方雪灾大尺度环流背景分析

分析2008年1月到2月初发生在中国南方雪灾冻雨的大尺度环流场,结果表明:这次南方强雨雪天气过程是北方冷空气和南方暖空气在中国南方地区持续维持、高低纬系统相互作用的一个典型个例.AO指数在1月中旬由负变正,表明了半球尺度环流的大幅度调整,高纬度80°E附近地区阻高形势的维持是1月中下旬到2月初阴雨雪天气过程持续的清晰指标;阻塞高压所伴随的能量频散使得准定常波持续从中高纬地区传播到较低纬度的长江及其以南地区,使得当地的气旋性环流得以维持;在乌拉尔山到贝加尔湖的强大阻塞高压的控制下,冷空气不能大举南下、只是不断的渗透到南方,与此同时受拉尼娜影响西太平洋暖池的海温不断增高,暖湿空气势力也是持续增强,代表暖势力暖池海温达到历史最强,冷空气在南方受阻形成静止态势.一旦阻塞高压在1月30日前后崩溃,供给江南地区气旋性环流的能源被切断,所以2月1日的降水过程以后江南地区的持续性降水也就随之结束.     

Possible creep-related tilt precursors obtained in the Central Apennines (Italy) and in the Southern Caucasus (Georgia)

Daily averaged tilt component data from two sites of the Central Apennines (Italy) and of the Southern Caucasus (Georgia), respectively, revealed intermediate-term tilts as possible precursors to earthquakes (M=3.0÷4.7) which occurred in the above-mentioned seismic areas within a distance of 50 km from the sites. A good temporal correlation as well as a fair spatial correspondence between these residual tilts (with amplitude and duration of some microradians and months, respectively) and main shocks were pointed out, by removing both secular trends and seasonal thermoelastic effects from the raw tilts. An attempt was made to justify the above-mentioned results, based on the assumption that the observed intermediate-term preseismic tilts are the manifestation of aseismic creep episodes of comparable duration in the fault materials of thrust faults close to the tilt sites. The mechanism refers to a strain field slowly propagating from the preparation focal area to the tilt site, through crustal blocks separated by weak transition zones. This propagation is thought to be the cause of the local aseismic fault slip recorded by the tiltmeters. Previously, both discrete structures and strain propagation effects were revealed in the Central Apennines and are thought also to exist in the Southern Caucasus. As in the past, the rheological properties of fault materials are revealed as viscoelastic ones. In fact, creep equations obtained by applying several viscoelastic models on our data, proved to fit quite well some of the observed tilt precursors, producing viscosity and rigidity values very similar to those reported in literature.Professor Petr Viktorovich Manjgaladze died during the writing of this paper     

Dynamic recrystallization near the brittle-plastic transition in naturally and experimentally deformed quartz aggregates

The electron backscattering diffraction technique (EBSD) was used to analyze bulging recrystallization microstructures from naturally and experimentally deformed quartz aggregates, both of which are characterized by porphyroclasts with finely serrated grain boundaries and grain boundary bulges set in a matrix of very fine recrystallized grains. For the Tonale mylonites we investigated, a temperature range of 300–380 °C, 0.25 GPa confining pressure, a flow stress range of ~ 0.1–0.2 GPa, and a strain rate of ~ 10^− 13 s^− 1 were estimated. Experimental samples of Black Hills quartzite were analyzed, which had been deformed in axial compression at 700 °C, 1.2–1.5 GPa confining pressure, a flow stress of ~ 0.3–0.4 GPa, a strain rate of ~ 10^− 6 s^− 1, and to 44% to 73% axial shortening. Using orientation imaging we investigated the dynamic recrystallization microstructures and discuss which processes may contribute to their development. Our results suggest that several deformation processes are important for the dismantling of the porphyroclasts and the formation of recrystallized grains. Grain boundary bulges are not only formed by local grain boundary migration, but they also display a lattice misorientation indicative of subgrain rotation. Dynamic recrystallization affects especially the rims of host porphyroclasts with a hard orientation, i.e. with an orientation unsuitable for easy basal slip. In addition, Dauphiné twins within porphyroclasts are preferred sites for recrystallization. We interpret large misorientation angles in the experimental samples, which increase with increasing strain, as formed by the activity of fluid-assisted grain boundary sliding.     

天津滨海新区软黏土的蠕变特性及无屈服面模型研究

天津滨海新区大部分为围海造陆形成的陆域,主要为吹填土经真空预压加固的软黏土地基,具有鲜明的地域特征。其蠕变特性对该地区的建筑物和构筑物地基的变形和长期稳定性有很大影响。采用大直径原状试样进行了三轴不固结不排水蠕变试验,研究了滨海新区软黏土的蠕变变形的规律性。在此基础上建立天津滨海新区软黏土的无屈服面蠕变模型,该模型只有5个参数,各参数物理意义明确,且可以通过试验确定。采用建立的模型对试验结果进行对比分析,理论模型计算结果与试验数据的拟合曲线吻合较好。该模型可用来对软黏土地基上结构物的长期蠕变变形的发展趋势和地基稳定性进行预测。     

欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的模拟评估及未来情景预估

基于国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)历史模拟试验(historical run)的模式输出结果以及遥感数据,采用相关分析、均方根误差、标准差等统计方法,评估了13个气候(或地球)系统模式对欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的模拟能力,在此基础上,采用多模式集合平均的方法对未来不同温室气体排放情景下(rcp2.6、rcp4.5和rcp8.5)欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的变化进行预估。结果显示:尽管各模式模拟的积雪覆盖率在高原地区与观测差异较大,但总体看来模式能够对欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率的空间形态、季节变化及年际变化特征做出较好地模拟。未来预估结果表明,多模式集合平均预估的欧亚大陆积雪覆盖率从2006年到2040年左右减少趋势非常明显,且不同排放情景下模式模拟的积雪减少速率非常接近;然而,大约从2040年之后,不同排放情景下的积雪覆盖率减小趋势的差异越来越大,rcp2.6和rcp4.5下积雪覆盖率的变化趋于平缓,而rcp8.5情景下,积雪覆盖率一直减少,冬季、春季和秋季都明显减少,减少最显著的区域位于西欧和青藏高原地区。由此可见,控制温室气体的排放对于未来欧亚大陆积雪的变化是至关重要的。     

风成沙波纹的数值模拟及稳定性分析

本文基于颗粒的质量守恒原理,考虑了沙粒的跃移、溅移和蠕移运动,建立了风成沙波纹的非线性积分微分演化方程,并进而通过尺度变换得到了近似的微分方程。数值求解该微分方程,得到了与野外观测相一致的沙波纹斑图,同时再现了沙波纹生成、合并的非线性行为,为进一步风成地貌形成演化的理论分析提供了一种可行的数学物理方法。