Navigating customary law and state fishing legislation to create effective fisheries governance in India

When customary legal systems exist alongside state regulations, individuals can choose between these different frameworks to support their claims to resources. Research suggests that such framework switching to maximize self-interest weakens and challenges resource management. Multiple legal systems are at work in India's fisheries and this study examines how they work to govern conflict over purse-seine fishing in the Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra State. Through participant observations, interviews and state fishing law reviews, this study finds evidence of strong customary legal systems, operating through local cultural practices, to protect common property rights, equitable access, ethical and ecological concerns. In contrast, state legislation appears weak because it addresses issues of local concern, such as equitable access, at a slow pace and over such a large scale as to be absent. Consequently, multiple legal systems in these fisheries do not create a management challenge that follows a predictable path towards resource degradation. Instead informal, customary rules applied alongside formal state legislation interact in complex ways that create opportunities for effective co-management.     

地面Sq磁场和场向电流的补充研究

地面Ｓｑ磁场的分析在一定程度上揭示场向电流的存在，在赤道电射流区和低纬地区，某些日子的Ｙ分量或Ｄ分量Ｓｑ变化可明显地显示午间场向电流的存在，１９９０年１２月１１日Ｂａｃｌｉｅｕ，琼中，河内，Ｃｈａｐａ，通海和成都等台的Ｓｑ（Ｉ）曲线清楚表明由冬季半球流向夏季半球的午间场向电流的影响，此外，本文还用（夏－冬）／２法分析了Ｓｑ（Ｚ）的资料，从中也可观察到午间及清晨场向电流的踪迹。     

Chromospheric activity of late-type giants and supergiants: Reappearance of dynamo activity in the interior due to the spin-up of the core in evolution

The renewal of chromospheric activity in red giants and supergiants is interpreted in terms of the reappearance of dynamo activity in the interior due to the spin-up of the core caused by its contraction in the course of evolution from the main sequence to the giant stage. A region of very high rotational shear (differential rotation) develops between the core, which spins up by a large factor through the drastic contraction, and the envelope, which spins down in contrast by virtue of expansion. Mechanisms of angular momentum transfer may operate to smear this large shear, and bring the inner part of the envelope into sheared rotation. A convective layer, on the other hand, develops in the envelope from the surface inwards, when the envelope expands and the temperature is lowered. A dynamo layer, or a layer in which the sheared rotation co-exists with the convection (the presence of a remnant magnetic field being postulated), will thus reappear in the inner part of the envelope when the envelope-convection reaches down and invades the layer of sheared rotation. Surface chromospheric activity due to the magnetic field is thus renewed when the regenerated magnetic field is brought up to the surface by the envelope-convection. These phenomena occur as the star evolves into the giant stage and hence explain the observed characteristic of gradual revival of chromospheric activity from the subgiant to the giant stage. Visiting Scientist at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory under the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. On leave from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Deceased on 1982 August 19     

Volcanic passive margins

Compared to non-volcanic ones, volcanic passive margins mark continental break-up over a hotter mantle, probably subject to small-scale convection. They present distinctive genetic and structural features. High-rate extension of the lithosphere is associated with catastrophic mantle melting responsible for the accretion of a thick igneous crust. Distinctive structural features of volcanic margins are syn-magmatic and continentward-dipping crustal faults accommodating the seaward flexure of the igneous crust. Volcanic margins present along-axis a magmatic and tectonic segmentation with wavelength similar to adjacent slow-spreading ridges. Their 3D organisation suggests a connection between loci of mantle melting at depths and zones of strain concentration within the lithosphere. Break-up would start and propagate from localized thermally-softened lithospheric zones. These ‘soft points’ could be localized over small-scale convection cells found at the bottom of the lithosphere, where adiabatic mantle melting would specifically occur. The particular structure of the brittle crust at volcanic passive margins could be interpreted by active and sudden oceanward flow of both the unstable hot mantle and the ductile part of the lithosphere during the break-up stage. To cite this article: L. Geoffroy, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

The solar magnetic flux mid-term periodicities and the solar dynamo

We investigate here the fluctuations in the total, open and closed solar magnetic flux (SMF) for the period 1971–1999 by means of the maximum entropy method in the frequency range 5×10⁻⁹–10⁻⁷ Hz (6 yr to 120 days). We use monthly data for the total, open and closed magnetic solar fluxes. Periodicities found in the series are similar showing that there is some relationship between the fluxes. The most important finding of this work is the existence of fluctuations at around 1.3 and 1.7 yr in the SMF with alternating importance during consecutive even and odd solar cycles. These fluctuations are directly related with variations present in cosmic rays, solar wind parameters and geomagnetic activity indexes. A quasi-triennial periodicity previously found in sunspots and other solar phenomena is also of importance. The SMF is generated by the action of the solar dynamo; therefore, it is through the magnetic flux that the solar dynamo influences several heliospheric phenomena.     

地磁静日Y分量季节变化的物理讨论

对电离层Ｅ层发电机Ｓｑ电流系和赤道区晨昏侧Ｆ层电流共同作用的地磁效应进行了定性分析和定量估计，并解释了静日地磁Ｙ分量日变化形态在冬、夏季近于反相的现象．所用物理机制能同样说明ＮｍａｘＦ２赤道异常驼峰每日出现、消失时间的季变化．     

Small-scale fishers’ adaptations to change: The role of formal and informal credit in Paraty,Brazil

Small-scale fishers in coastal areas of Brazil face numerous challenges, including marginalization by large-scale industrial operations, poor market access, lack of working capital, and pressure to diversify their livelihood base. From the perspective of adaptive capacity, this investigation was carried out in three communities in the municipality of Paraty (Rio de Janeiro State), and sought to determine the main challenges facing local fishers, and fishers’ current adaptive and transformative actions against these challenges. Findings revealed that the majority of fishers (55%) own mid-size diesel boats (6–9 m) and face constant pressure to scale-up and diversify operations to take advantage of the growing tourism sector. Such expansion requires financial capital. However, due to fear of losing assets, inability to arrange a co-signer, and lack of adequate collateral, many fishers are reluctant to obtain credit from government-sponsored programs and seek credit elsewhere. Fishers with larger boats are increasingly opting for tourism-related activities through informal credit arrangements. However, of the smaller-scale fisher respondents some 27% have opted to downsize their fishing operations through intrasectoral adjustments. These actions reflect a general trend of aversion to financial liability and vulnerability by way of flexibility, dynamism, and diversification. It is recommended that access to credit should be made easier for small-scale fishers to provide more options to diversify their livelihood base but without exerting additional fishing pressure on already overfished stocks.