成组中强震前后动态小震的时空活动特征

分析了进入活跃时段以来,新疆及邻近地区自１９９５年３月１９日和硕Ｍｓ５．０地震后,相继发生的１２次Ｍｓ≥４．７地震前后调制小震和动态小震的时空活动特征,据此提出了孕系统失稳模式;     

应用高分辨CT（HRCT）扫描弥补腔隙诊断之不足

目的:应用高分辨CT^*(HRCT)扫描方法,增加对头颅腔隙梗塞诊断的可靠性。材料和方法:对临床疑有腔隙的病人,在基底节区及可疑部位加用HRCT扫描,遇到腔隙病灶与像素颗粒难以区分时在相同层面或上下1~2mm处做HRCT扫描。结果:有489例常规CT正常的病例中发现了腔隙灶,在遇到的502例不易诊断的可疑病灶中,经HRCT确诊的真正腔隙灶300例,伪腔隙(像素)202例,同时发现HRCT对正常脑组织结构的显示要较常规CT优越得多。结论:HRCT不仅能提高腔隙性梗塞的检出率,还能辨伪腔隙,是弥补常规CT对腔隙诊断不足的较好手段。     

LANDFORM MORPHOLOGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN INTER-GULLIED AND GULLIED LAND AREAS--A CASE STUDY OF THE WANGJIAGOU WATERSHED IN THE WEST OF SHANXI PROVINCE

Previous studies on erosional relations between inter-gullied and gullied lands have mainly concentrated on exploration of water and sediment relations, with few quantitative studies of evolution relations between inter-gullied land and gullied landform erosion in small catchments. This paper, using information from a 1:5000 digital orthophotomap (DOM), digital elevation model(DEM), and topographic map of the same period and of the same scale, quantitatively analyzes the impact and interactions of inter-gullied and gullied land geomorphologic characteristics on the dissected extent of a catchment using orthogonal polynomial regression analysis. Results indicate that gullies play a leading role in the catchment morphologic evolution and extent of cracked ground surface. When inter-gullied land areas are the same, a 0. 1 km2 gullied land area has the maximum effect on the erosive evolution intensity of the catchment cracked degree. The smaller the catchment area is, the greater the extent of cracked ground surface and gully intensity would be. The geomorphologic evolution mechanism of gullied catchments can be explained as a function of geomorphologic indicators of inter-gullied and gullied land characteristics.     

山东苍山5.2级地震前地震活动特征

从小震活动的时空分布以测震学参数的变化出发，分析了苍山地震前地震活动的异常特下，研究结果表明，苍山５．２级地震前出现了地震活动的图像和几种中，短期测震学参数，异常，但无明显短临信息的前震活动。     

汶川震区典型小流域泥石流发育特征及危险性

银洞子泥石流沟是典型的地震区小流域泥石流沟,是汶川地震和震后强降雨共同作用的结果,从2009年雨季开始到2013年雨季结束共发生14次泥石流事件。研究银洞子沟泥石流的演化过程对进一步认识震区泥石流的长期活动性、危险性具有重要意义。本文通过现场调查、采样测试、历史泥石流事件资料分析,揭示了该泥石流沟的物源特征、激发条件的变化,计算了泥石流密度、流速等相关参数;最后依据现存物源动储量评估了该泥石流沟潜在危险性,提出了相应的防灾减灾对策,能够为地震区泥石流防灾减灾工作提供参考。结果表明：（1）震后初期,银洞子泥石流暴发频率达到3.5次年-1,泥石流容重1.5～1.6tm-3,说明银洞子沟是一条由地震活动触发的高频稀性泥石流沟。（2）经过震后7a的流水侵蚀,银洞子沟物源总量明显减少12.92104m3,但物源动储量减少不明显,导致泥石流危险性居高不下;物源中小于10mm的细颗粒含量由地震初期的27.04%衰减到了18.22%,说明该沟未来泥石流事件仍以稀性泥石流为主。（3）短历时强降雨是银洞子沟泥石流的主要激发方式,当雨量过程超过8h,银洞子泥石流沟的激发暴雨强度为11.53mmh-1时,泥石流危险性较高;在100年一遇暴雨条件下流速接近3.8ms-1,一次冲出量可达8.64104m3。目前该泥石流仍为高度危险性泥石流沟。     

Pesticides Removal by Filtration over Cactus Pear Leaves: A Cheap and Natural Method for Small‐Scale Water Purification in Semi‐Arid Regions

This study aims to examine the efficiency of Opuntia ficus‐indica for removing organochlorine pesticides from surface waters. Adsorption properties such as size, dose, and time of O. ficus‐indica for aldrin, dieldrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were studied through stirring and column methods. Because of their high affinity and swelling characteristics, dried O. ficus‐indica was studied in stirring while fresh unpeeled O. ficus‐indica was applied in both stirring and column experiments and proved to be well‐suited to column application. Before removing pesticides, the column was flashed with distilled water eliminate the turbidity and smell from fresh unpeeled cactus. The removal of pesticides increased with an increasing adsorbent dose and decreased with adsorbent particle sizes. The optimum adsorbent dose is 10 g for dried and 15 g for fresh unpeeled O. ficus‐indica. The experimental results show that O. ficus‐indica possesses strong adsorption ability for aldrin, dieldrin, and DDT, and the adsorption isotherm data obeyed the Freundlich model. The results of our small‐scale experiments suggest a strong potential to develop local small‐scale water treatment units that can be used at the level of individual households or local communities, using a widely available adsorbent.     

小流域水沙耦合模拟概念模型*

小流域水沙耦合模拟概念模型,采用文献[1]、[2]和[4]中提出的概念性坡面产沙、沟蚀产沙、坡面汇沙、沟道汇沙和格林-安普特下渗曲线结构,结合水文学中的概念性汇流计算方法,构成了一个完整的、具有明确物理意义的流域水流、泥沙耦合模拟模型.该模型结构简单,经子洲试验站团山沟三试验场和蛇家沟、团山沟、水旺沟三试验小流域实测资料的模拟检查表明,模型结构合理、效果较好,适合于黄土地区流域.     

Escaping the corporate net: Pragmatics of small boat direct marketing in the U.S. Salmon fishing industry of the Northeastern pacific

This article considers corporate power in the fishing industry of southeast Alaska and Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, as experienced by direct marketing salmon gillnet fishermen. Tracing the evolution of a small family-based fish business, this paper examines survival strategies of independent fishermen in a context of concentrated corporate power. Topics addressed include corporate domination of the fishing industry, “niche” alternatives to the commodity system, alliance with the farmers’ market movement, obstacles to direct sales and the critical role of family participation.     

Ranking spaces for predicting human movement in an urban environment

A city can be topologically represented as a connectivity graph, consisting of nodes representing individual spaces and links if the corresponding spaces are intersected. It turns out in the space syntax literature that some defined topological metrics can capture human movement rates in individual spaces. In other words, the topological metrics are significantly correlated to human movement rates, and individual spaces can be ranked by the metrics for predicting human movement. However, this correlation has never been well justified. In this paper, we study the same issue by applying the weighted PageRank algorithm to the connectivity graph or space–space topology for ranking the individual spaces, and find surprisingly that: (1) the PageRank scores are better correlated to human movement rates than the space syntax metrics, and (2) the underlying space–space topology demonstrates small world and scale free properties. The findings provide a novel justification as to why space syntax, or topological analysis in general, can be used to predict human movement. We further conjecture that this kind of analysis is no more than predicting a drunkard's walking on a small world and scale free network.     

大型直剪与小型直剪对软弱夹层强度试验参数取值关系的研究

岩体中软弱夹层是控制岩体稳定的重要边界条件。准确、合理的选取其力学参数对大坝建基面的选取及未来坝基抗滑稳定性具有重大意义。对于深部难以取得大量试样的软弱夹层的工程地质性质的评价, 通过室内小型直剪获得的抗剪强度试验参数,然后再根据小剪和大剪之间的关系进行修正, 确定软弱夹层的抗剪强度参数,具有显著的经济价值和工程意义。