Deep neural network for complex open-water wetland mapping using high-resolution WorldView-3 and airborne LiDAR data

Wetland inventory maps are essential information for the conservation and management of natural wetland areas. The classification framework is crucial for successful mapping of complex wetlands, including the model selection, input variables and training procedures. In this context, deep neural network (DNN) is a powerful technique for remote sensing image classification, but this model application for wetland mapping has not been discussed in the previous literature, especially using commercial WorldView-3 data. This study developed a new framework for wetland mapping using DNN algorithm and WorldView-3 image in the Millrace Flats Wildlife Management Area, Iowa, USA. The study area has several wetlands with a variety of shapes and sizes, and the minimum mapping unit was defined as 20 m² (0.002 ha). A set of potential variables was derived from WorldView-3 and auxiliary LiDAR data, and a feature selection procedure using principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most important variables for wetland classification. Furthermore, traditional machine learning methods (support vector machine, random forest and k-nearest neighbor) were also implemented for the comparison of results. In general, the results show that DNN achieved satisfactory results in the study area (overall accuracy = 93.33 %), and we observed a high spatial overlap between reference and classified wetland polygons (Jaccard index ∼0.8). Our results confirm that PCA-based feature selection was effective in the optimization of DNN performance, and vegetation and textural indices were the most informative variables. In addition, the comparison of results indicated that DNN classification achieved relatively similar accuracies to other methods. The total classification errors vary from 0.104 to 0.111 among the methods, and the overlapped areas between reference and classified polygons range between 87.93 and 93.33 %. Finally, the findings of this study have three main implications. First, the integration of DNN model and WorldView-3 image is useful for wetland mapping at 1.2-m, but DNN results did not outperform other methods in this study area. Second, the feature selection was important for model performance, and the combination of most relevant input parameters contributes to the success of all tested models. Third, the spatial resolution of WorldView-3 is appropriate to preserve the shape and extent of small wetlands, while the application of medium resolution image (30-m) has a negative impact on the accurate delineation of these areas. Since commercial satellite data are becoming more affordable for remote sensing users, this study provides a framework that can be utilized to integrate very high-resolution imagery and deep learning in the classification of complex wetland areas.     

乌鲁木齐附近地区小爆破识别判据的研究

采用新疆乌鲁木齐地区多个地震台的位移仪及速度仪记录，探讨了人工小爆破记录与天然地震记录的差异及其识别判据。结果发现，爆破记录与地震记录在震相、P波垂直向初动符号分布、振幅衰减、振幅比As^-/Ap^-等方面具有不同的特征，据此我们制定出了识别爆破的单项判据和综合判据。     

SMALL SCALE MORPHODYNAMICAL MODELLING

1 INTRODUCTIONIn the vicinity of smictUres the local velocity of the flow increases, and three-dimensional effects occur,leading to higher shear stresses at the bottom. In case of a movable bed, sediment transport is enhanced.Erosion leads to a scour which can be dangerous for the stability of the strUctUre. The Predichon of a.maximum scour dePth is of vital imPortance for civil engineering. Generally, the maximum scour dePth iseshmated using an emPincal formula (Jolinson, l995). An a…     

小秦岭（陕西段）变质杂岩核构造与金矿

华北古地台南缘的小秦岭地区呈现为一典型的变质杂岩核构造。其主要构造要素：变质杂岩核（古台隆区），平缓韧性滑脱带（古台隆与古台坳过渡带）和多型拆离构造（古台隆区）较为完整可辨。其发展演化可能经历了地槽期、地台期和地洼期，在地洼期成型。该构造体系控制了区内糜棱岩型、石英脉型和破碎蚀变岩型（糜棱岩亚型和石英岩亚型）金矿的时空分布。提供了一类在没有深层矿源直接导入的条件下金矿形成作用的典型区域成矿实例。     

The role of topography in controlling throughflow generation: A discussion

The distributions of specific catchment area and specific dispersal area values over the hillside studied by Anderson and Burt (1978) relate much more closely to the observed distributions of soil water matric potential than do the occurrences of contour concavity on which the authors rely. Highest potential always occurred in the zone of large specific catchment area except immediately after rainfall, when it occurred in the zone of small dispersal area. Isolines of low potential persistently conformed to those of specific dispersal area.     

Combining Sample and Census Data in Small Area Estimates: Iterative Proportional Fitting with Standard Software*

The combination of detailed sample data with less detailed but fully enumerated marginal subtotals is the focus of a wide range of research. In this article we advocate careful modeling of sample data, followed by Iterative Proportional Fitting (IPF). The modeling aims to estimate accurately the interaction or odds ratios of complex tables, which is information not contained in the marginal subtotals. IPF ensures consistency with the subtotals. We advance this work in three practical ways. First, we show that detailed small‐area estimates of both counts and proportional distributions usually gain accuracy by combining data for larger areas containing the small areas, and we illustrate the multilevel framework to achieve these estimates. Second, we find that a general classification or socioeconomic typology of the small areas is even more associated with the within‐area interactions than is membership of the larger area. Third, we show how the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) can be used for IPF in any number of dimensions and with any structure of constraining marginal subtotals. Throughout, we use an example taken from the 1991 U.K. Census. These data allow us to evaluate various methods combining 100 percent tabulations and the Samples of Anonymised Records.     

Privatization of rural industry and de facto urbanization from below in southern Jiangsu, China

At the heart of China’s economic transformation from plan to market is the institutional rearrangement of the ownership of property rights. Privatization of collectively owned township and village enterprises (TVEs) in recent years has significantly changed the rural economy and affected small town development in China. Located mainly in villages and small towns and producing 62% of the total industrial output in Jiangsu in 1994, TVEs played a crucial role in southern Jiangsu (Sunan)’s economic development and urbanization, giving rise to the well-known “Sunan model” of regional development during the 1980s. Since the mid-1990s, ownership transition (zhuanzhi) of the TVEs from collective to private in Sunan has altered the nature of the regional economy and the pattern of small town development. The privatization of TVEs in Sunan has been so pervasive that it can be seen as the “second industrial divide” in the region’s economy. This paper traces the evolution of ownership reform in Sunan’s rural industries leading to the current phase of privatization and analyzes the effects of privatization on de facto urbanization from below in Sunan. Given the importance of privatization, continuous scholarly monitoring of its relationship to regional economic development and urbanization from below is necessary.     

LANDFORM MORPHOLOGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN INTER-GULLIED AND GULLIED LAND AREAS —A CASE STUDY OF THE WANGJIAGOU WATERSHED IN THE WEST OF SHANXI PROVINCE

1 INTRODUCTION In the past years, because of a lack of modern techniques, the research on gullied/inter-gullied land erosion mainly depended on field monitoring, such as utilizing marking posts and/or topographic maps to investigate gullied/inter-gullied …     

New aerosol particle formation via certain ion driven processes

Ions can speed up the formation of aerosol particles. The former studies have mainly concerned on the role of the ion charge itself. We have studied the possible (additional) role of the actual small air ion spectrum shape, and the quantitative role of ion–ion recombination pathway. By means of our ion evolution model, formation of new species (H₂SO₄)_n(NH₃)_m(HNO₃)_k via ion–ion recombination was investigated. The model shows how the generation rate of the new species depends on the concentrations of H₂SO₄ and NH₃, and how it depends on the tropospheric background aerosol situation. The rate can be up to a few new neutral complexes per cubic centimeter and per second. New particle generation via ion–ion recombination provides an extra channel, especially for the clean atmosphere. Former results have shown that such situations are often present in Antarctica. Our aerosol spectrum measurements reveal a number of similar non-Antarctic results. Sometimes, such situations are followed by aerosol bursts, which may be (partly) due to an ion–ion recombination channel.     

永登5.8级地震序列及有关问题讨论

对永登５．８ 级地震序列及近１０ 年来永登—兰州地区的小震活动进行了研究,结果表明：永登５．８ 级地震为孤立型,震前近１０ 年震区一直有小震活动,主震是在小震活动经历了一个增多—加剧—平静的过程后才发生的。历史地震活动资料及地质构造表明,永登地区存在中强地震孕育的背景