东北地区中强震前的小震频度新方法探讨

1970年以来东北地区共发生13次5.0级以上地震,其中8次在时间和空间上相对独立。通过系统研究这8次中强地震前及其邻区小震活动的增强现象,发现这些中强地震前存在比较明显的小震增强现象。虽然小震增强现象在多数中强地震前存在,但是这种周期性的小震活动强弱交替轮回过程,是普遍存在的,因此,利用小震活动的增强对未来中强地震的预测比较困难。文中结合东北地区小震活动的特点,尝试提出根据小震活动空间格局是否改变统计小震频度的方法,进行了初步的应用。结果表明：利用新方法统计小震的频度更能突出中强地震前的小震频度异常,能够有效的提取东北地区中强地震前的中短期异常指标。     

A syllabus for teaching geographical information systems

The problems in teaching a course on geographical information systems in higher education are reviewed and a possible syllabus that will be most relevant to needs in the United Kingdom is suggested. The syllabus is divided into six major sections relating to the context, cartographic and spatial analytical concepts, their realization in a computing environment, operations, applications and institutional issues. A particular feature is an attempt to maintain a rigid distribution between underlying theory which is relatively stable and its more volatile operationalization on computers. The paper results from a symposium held in Leicester (U.K.) late in 1988 that brought together nine specialists in the held.     

Integration of European habitat monitoring based on plant life form composition as an indicator of environmental change and change in biodiversity

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 61–74, 2006

During the last 25 years a number of European countries have developed general landscape monitoring systems. In the agricultural landscapes of Denmark the Small Biotope Monitoring Program (SBMP). which focuses on the dynamics of small biotopes and their relation to changes in agricultural technology and structural characteristics, has been developed since 1981. Erom 2007, the SBMP will continue as part of the Danish nature monitoring program, NOVANA.

In Europe, during the last 10 years, several national landscape surveys have cooperated to develop a European platform for consistent landscape related habitat monitoring. This has been through the BioHab Concerted Action Framework Programme of the EU (2002–2005), and the resulting publication of a handbook for recording and monitoring habitats (Bunce et al., 2005). The focus on environmentally conditioned habitat changes at a landscape level has led to the re-introduction of Raunkiaer's plant life form concept. This approach enables the indication of changes in biodiversity based on alterations in general habitat composition and quality.

Although the objectives of the SBMP and the BioHab projects have been somewhat different, the methodologies have much in common. In this paper the background and perspectives of the two approaches are discussed, and a test of the BioHab field methodology in an area previously monitored by the SBMP is presented. It was found not to be difficult to integrate the BioHab field recording methodology with the existing SBMP methods, thus permitting the SBMP to deliver an additional European perspective, with relatively little additional effort.     

地震电磁卫星地面传输系统简介

开展天地一体化地震观测是目前推动地震短临科学研究取得突破的重要途径之一。以卫星观测为主要手段的空间对地观测技术是实现对我国及临区进行地震电磁效应高精度、大范围和大动态连续观测的有效途径,并且为地震短临预报开创空基监测的新思路。地面传输系统是连接地震电磁卫星各应用系统之间的重要桥梁和纽带。它的科学设计是地震电磁卫星项目建设的基础。本文拟从国内外发展现状、系统建设指导思想、系统组成、链路功能描述、系统运行性能指标等方面对我国即将建设的地震电磁卫星地面传输系统进行简要分析介绍,从而为地震电磁卫星地面传输系统初步设计的完成提供一个基本框架。     

Bender-based G0 measurements: A coupled numerical–experimental approach

Bender elements are shear wave transducers, widely used for the experimental identification of the small-strain shear moduli of geomaterials. They offer good coupling with the sample and controllable loading signal and frequency, but some of their design and signal interpretation features are still under investigation. The research of these features has been approached mainly on experimental grounds and, in most cases, the conclusions were not consensual. This study aims at laying the foundations for a coupled, numerical–experimental approach to the problem. It uses hybrid-Trefftz finite elements to model the bender element test and the output signal obtained in the laboratory to validate the model.Two main reasons justify the choice of the hybrid-Trefftz finite elements. First, hybrid-Trefftz elements are considerably less wavelength-sensitive than conforming displacement elements. This feature endorses the use of the same (coarse) mesh for modelling waves of very different types and frequencies, thus eliminating the need for time-consuming mesh refinements. Second, hybrid-Trefftz elements use physically meaningful approximation bases. This feature enables the numerical filtration of the spurious compression waves propagating laterally from the emitter and of their reflections from the envelope of the sample. Hybrid-Trefftz finite elements are shown to recover adequately the output signal obtained experimentally, for pulse excitations of various frequencies and two sets of boundary conditions. The decomposition of the output signal into its shear and compression components endorses the clear identification of the shear wave arrival and the amount of compression wave pollution.     

Potential loess landslide deformation monitoring using L-band SAR interferometry

Multi-temporal InSAR technique can implement continuous earth surface deformation detection with long time scale and wide geographical coverage. In this paper, we first employ the Small Baseline Subset method to survey potential landslides in Guide County, Qinghai Province, which is identified as a loess landslide prone area for geological and climate conditions. Two anomalous deformation regions are detected by L-band Phased Array and L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar stacks. Then, qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the measuring points are given for understanding the distribution regularity of deformation. Finally, preliminary correlation between the time-series deformation and triggering factors is analyzed to explore the driving mechanism for landslide movement. The results demonstrate that L-band SAR has high potential in landslide monitoring applications and can be used as the basis for landslide recognizing, precursory information extracting, and early warning.     

Place of life stories in labour geography: Why does it matter?

Labour geography foregrounds the role of workers in shaping geographies of work by paying attention to the larger actions of labour in response to the capital and state. It however pays less attention to the everyday geographies of labour and the complexities of the ‘social being’ in trying to understand workers motivations and responses. This review argues for labour geography to look beyond the factory gates to understand the nuanced politics of labour as relations get ‘reworked’ within a patriarchal-capitalist society. It argues for paying close attention to the life stories and experiences of workers, to create linkages between lives as waged workers in a formal workspace with the informal nature of work-life outside, without losing sight of the larger struggles of labour and global processes, to develop a more grounded understanding of worker’s agency and actions.     

Big data and the historical sciences: A critique

Social media, government, industry and science use data in the same way, through the pursuit of correlations in large data sets. As this critique shows, however, there is greater dialogue about the potential pitfalls of Big Data and the Big Data Cycle in non-historical science fields, such as medicine and advertising. Pitfalls, such as the Big Data Hubris, the Filter Bubble and correlation superseding causation, are discussed in relation to the historical sciences.     

The role of voluntary commitments in realizing the promise of the Blue Economy

Voluntary (or non-binding) commitments offer an action-oriented mechanism for addressing interconnected, complex and pressing issues. Though not designed to replace negotiated or binding outcomes, voluntary commitments can offer a critical tool in currently ungoverned or under-governed systems. The Blue Economy is an example of a rapidly evolving agenda where formal governance arrangements are at best nascent, in part due to the trans-border nature of issues and prominent involvement of multiple types of actors. As such voluntary commitments provide an important mechanism through which to monitor the evolution of the concept and identify gaps or shortfalls in its implementation. Our analysis of global voluntary commitments on the Blue Economy made to recent high-profile ocean futures meetings, found a trend towards capacity development, research, and investment in emerging and larger scale sectors such as offshore aquaculture and renewable energy. A concurrent focus was on securitizing, regulating or diverting effort from historically significant fisheries sectors. European organizations are playing a dominant role in Blue Economy commitments, with a notable absence of commitments from major Blue Economy powers such as China and India. We identify a number of gaps and shortfalls, particularly in relation to active consideration of social equity in the Blue Economy. We identify a range of recommendations on how these deficiencies may be addressed through a greater focus on a broader suite of objectives and a more inclusive approach to ocean meetings.