New genera and species of the family Dipteromantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar and New Jersey

Three new genera and two new species, namely Burmodipteromantispa jiaxiaoae gen. et sp. nov., Mantispidipterella longissima gen. et sp. nov., and Jersimantispa gen. nov., respectively from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar and New Jersey, are herein described in the lacewing family Dipteromantispidae, which is an enigmatic group by the mantispid-like appearance combined with strongly reduced, haltere-like hind wings. The male genitalia of Dipteromantispidae is described for the first time and provides new insight for understanding the familial phylogenetic position. A key to the dipteromantispid genera is also given.     

地形分析中栅格中间层构建的尺度适应性

栅格中间层是指在地形分析中由DEM、DSM、矢量数据等原始数据,经过一系列栅格运算获取且可以重用的基础栅格层。本文系统研究了栅格中间层构建的尺度适应性,定义了范围、比例尺、分辨率和分析4种尺度,并确定了范围、比例尺和分辨率尺度的确定原则;特别对于分析尺度,通过地貌因子计算进行了切线、剖面曲率栅格层分析尺度适宜性试验,分析了曲率计算中适宜的算法和分析尺度,保证了地形基础因子栅格中间层具有满足分析要求的数值精度和匹配地形起伏的形态精度。     

叠锥构造的特征及其成因机制: 进展与实例*

叠锥构造是纤维状矿物呈锥状嵌套分布的一类特殊沉积构造,自20世纪90年代以来一直是国际研究的热点,但中国对于叠锥构造的研究起步较晚,研究程度较低。文中详细总结了叠锥构造研究进展,并简要介绍了笔者于新疆托克逊凹陷、准噶尔盆地东部以及哈密盆地3处新发现的叠锥构造。叠锥构造的发育层系广泛,二叠纪末—三叠纪初以及三叠纪末—侏罗纪初发现的叠锥占绝大多数,揭示其可能与生物大灭绝有关;叠锥构造的形成环境较广,不能简单地将叠锥构造作为湖泊相或海相等的相标志。对新发现的叠锥构造初步分析后认为,叠锥构造为与生物(化学)作用有关的原生沉积构造,但对叠锥构造成因机制的深层次研究还需建立在叠锥构造纤维状矿物生长习性及其与形成环境和发育层系的耦合关系研究之上。     

振荡与静置条件下细菌诱导形成的碳酸钙矿物类型与形态的对比

为了探究培养方式（振荡和静置） 对细菌诱导形成的碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响,本文在B4培养基中分别对蜡状 芽孢杆菌（GW-1菌株）、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌（GW-2菌株） 和微杆菌（GW-3菌株） 三种细菌进行了为期40天的振荡培养实验 及相应的无菌对照实验,重点利用X-射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分别对矿物成分和形态进行了测定和观察,并将观测结 果与静置条件下的结果进行了对比。结果表明：（1） 三种细菌均具有促进碳酸盐矿物沉淀的功能,但能力有所不同,从大 到小的顺序为GW-2＞GW-1＞GW-3;（2） 在振荡和静置两种培养方式下,GW-1和GW-2菌株诱导形成的矿物均为方解石, 而GW-3菌株诱导形成的矿物均为球霰石。这说明细菌种类是影响矿物相的重要因素,培养方式对矿物相无明显的影响; （3） 对于GW-1和GW-2菌株,其在振荡培养条件下诱导形成的矿物形态呈现多样化,而在静置培养条件下形成的矿物形态 则比较单一。对于GW-3菌株,其诱导形成的矿物均为球形,与培养方式无关。     

柱撑剂中Al3+形态转化对柱撑蒙脱石微结构的影响

以钠基蒙脱石为原料,结合电位滴定曲线及特征临界点,将Al3+的转化划分为4种形态,并制备相应的柱撑蒙脱石。并采用X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析及热分析对各柱撑蒙脱石进行表征,研究各柱撑蒙脱石的微结构变化及热稳定性。结果表明,Ⅲ区柱撑蒙脱石层间距d(001)值由原矿的12. 408 1 nm增加到18. 317 5 nm,同时,Ⅲ区柱撑蒙脱石Si—O伸缩振动峰强度减弱较明显,在542℃附近的蒙脱石八面体结构的脱羟基反应与原矿相比向低温区发生偏移,说明Ⅲ区柱撑蒙脱石发生了成键反应且柱撑效果最佳。     

粒组含量对钙质砂压缩变形特性影响的宏细观研究

钙质砂是一种海洋生物成因的特殊岩土介质,其颗粒形态与基本性质较一般陆源砂有很大的不同。一方面通过钙质砂及石英砂的显微镜三维成像试验,对比研究了钙质砂的三维颗粒形态特征。发现相比石英砂,钙质砂颗粒棱角更显著,轮廓趋于扁平。另一方面,对两砂进行一维压缩试验,分析了各粒组含量对钙质砂压缩特性的影响规律,并利用三维形态分析从细观上解释了钙质砂的压缩宏观特性。发现相同级配、密实度下,钙质砂的压缩性比石英砂高约60%～160%（以av1-2表征）,且粗粒组（5～1 mm）含量对钙质砂的压缩性影响最为显著;当粗粒组含量<25%,中、细粒组质量比值M一定时,存在最劣粗粒含量使钙质砂压缩性最大,且该值随着M的增大而减小,并提出了一个经验公式。     

碎石颗粒形态特征及其与堆积特性的关系

颗粒形态对碎石集料宏观力学性质有显著影响,准确描述其形态特征是从微细观层面研究材料宏观力学行为的基础性工作。针对颗粒形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度的形态特征,探讨了基于颗粒几何尺寸的量化表征参数;分析了不同粒组碎石颗粒形态特征表征参数的分布规律;结合单粒组颗粒堆积试验,讨论了颗粒形态特征与堆积孔隙率的关系。有以下结论：（1）提出的以周长为核心表征的颗粒形态特征量化参数,对颗粒形态以及形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度形态特征具有较好甄选能力;（2）基于每个粒组1 000个颗粒样本统计分析表明,描述颗粒形态及形状、棱角、纹理特征的参数均符合对数正态分布;（3）颗粒集合体的综合棱角、纹理指数与松堆和密堆条件下的孔隙率具有较好的映射关系,颗粒棱角与纹理是影响堆积孔隙率的主控因素。     

MEMS传感器在锚杆加固边坡监测中的应用研究

滑坡破坏各种建筑工程,严重影响了人民生产生活以及国民经济的发展。锚杆作为边坡治理的主要手段之一,其施工质量与锚固效果难以直接监测。随着微机电系统(MEMS)技术的兴起与不断发展,MEMS传感器具有体积小、造价低和精度高等优点,使其从常规监测手段中脱颖而出,为地质工程监测提供了新的可能。通过设计模型试验,基于MEMS传感器探讨锚杆对边坡的加固作用。试验采用天然河砂,通过撒砂法堆坡,边坡坡角为45°,分有锚杆加固和无锚杆加固2组。以降雨触发滑坡,将MEMS传感器布设在边坡内部,实现对边坡内部各点的加速度、角度和角速度的实时连续监测。研究表明:当未加固边坡蠕滑开始时,边坡内部和坡脚处的加速度与角度发生渐变,边坡后缘与表面处的加速度和角度变化不明显,表明边坡蠕滑主要发生在边坡内部与坡脚处;滑坡发生时,边坡内部与坡脚处的加速度和角度率先发生突变,边坡后缘与表面的参数随后发生突变,表明砂土坡破坏的瞬间,其内部与坡脚处先发生滑动,边坡后缘与坡面随后滑动,为典型的牵引式滑坡。采用锚杆加固后,边坡只发生蠕滑,边坡内部、坡脚处与坡面的加速度和角度有明显渐变,边坡后缘的各指标几乎无变化,表明降雨条件下,加固后的边坡发生整体蠕滑,边坡坡角降低,不发生破坏。MEMS传感器能够实现低成本、高精度的连续实时监测边坡蠕滑的渐变规律,捕捉到滑坡发生时运动的明显突变,对研究边坡的滑动机制及滑坡预警有一定的应用价值,在地质工程监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Near-nucleus imaging of comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock 1983H1

Several digital image processing techniques were used to improve the visibility of details, fans and jets, in the inner coma of the comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock 1983 VII on the short CCD-exposures taken by R. E. Schild with the 61-cm telescope through three I, J, and F band filters, at the Whipple Observatory during the close approach from May 6 through May 12, 1983. About 140 CCD images with the pixel size of 0.73 give a resolution about 20 km, and selected CDD frames presented together with isophotes demonstrate the variation and interrelation of the coma morphology and the nucleus activities during the observing period. Results and processed images are compared with observations taken by other observers during the same period.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.