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121.
In certain tropical slopes it appears possible that soil suction may play a significant role in maintaining stability. This communication outlines a laboratory suction-controlled triaxial test that can be undertaken to validate the threshold suction predicted by resistance envelope methods. It is shown that for two sites examined in St. Lucia, West Indies, the results from such a test confirm results obtained by use of resistance envelopes. 相似文献
122.
A new method is proposed for solving a differential equation arising from weathering-limited development of a valley. Allowance is made for horizontal stratification and overhang can be allowed to develop. The model is applied to the Grand Canyon and comments are included on its relevance. 相似文献
123.
John Pitts 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1983,8(6):589-603
A chronology of landsliding is presented, including suggestions as to a date for initiation. Periods of activity known from historical sources are correlated with known periods of climatic deterioration. The current morphology of the landslide slopes is closely related to the geological succession and structure. These permit the landslides and their development to be differentiated on the basis of whole slope and toe morphology, and much of the whole-slope activity can be related to conditions at the toe. Examples of geomorphological maps, slope categories maps, and cross sections are presented along with an example of the ‘evolutionary’ maps which may be derived from Ordnance Survey plans and aerial photographs. These generally indicate that weakening of materials by weathering, seepage erosion at the toe, and marine erosion result in frequent mass movement events of a low magnitude. These events ultimately influence the stability of larger slipped blocks behind, which fail less frequently. It is suggested that whole-slope failures in this region have a maximum frequency of once in 120 to 150 years, and that problems of interpretation of historical accounts may mean that it is very much less frequent than this. 相似文献
124.
125.
While the importance of river channel morphology to salmon spawning habitat is increasingly recognized, quantitative measures of the relationships between channel morphology and habitat use are lacking. Such quantitative measures are necessary as management and regulatory agencies within the Pacific Northwest region of the USA, and elsewhere, seek to quantify potential spawning habitat and develop recovery goals for declining salmon populations. The objective of this study was to determine if fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning areas in the Snake River, Idaho, USA, were correlated with specific bedform types at the pool–riffle scale. A bedform differencing technique was used to objectively quantify the longitudinal riverbed profile into four distinct pool–riffle units that were independent of discharge. The vertical location of thalweg points within these units was quantified with a riffle proximity index. Chinook salmon spawning areas were mapped and correlated with the pool–riffle units through the use of cross-tabulation tables. The results indicate that 84% of fall Chinook salmon spawning areas were correlated with riffles (χ2 = 57.5, df = 3, p < 0.001), with 53% of those areas located on the upstream side of riffle crests. The majority of Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning occurred at elevations greater than 80% of the difference in elevation between the nearest riffle crest and pool bottom. The analyses of bedform morphology will assist regional fish managers in quantifying existing and potential fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat, and will provide a quantitative framework for evaluating general ecological implications of channel morphology in large gravel-bed rivers. 相似文献
126.
Morphology of step-pools in a wilderness headwater stream: The importance of standardizing geomorphic measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The morphology of step-pools and cascades reflect the geological and climatic factors affecting channels in mountain watersheds. This study uses longitudinal and cross-section surveys to describe a headwater stream in the Boston Mountains of the Ozarks Plateau region in Arkansas and develop morphological relationships for comparisons with other regions. In the Bowers Hollow Creek watershed (3.5 km2), located within the boundaries of the Upper Buffalo Wilderness Area, step height and wavelength relationships are generally similar to those reported from other regions. Step-pool reaches were widely distributed in a discontinuous manner throughout the watershed. Average values of the sampled reaches are: reach slopes, 0.105 m/m; width, 6.10 m; crest particle sizes, 440 mm; step heights, 0.87 m; and step wavelengths, 6.62 m. The mean step steepness for the watershed was 0.13, whereas the mean length of a reach step to height ratio was 9:1. A comparison of morphological definitions found that the values of step height and steepness can vary by > 30% according to how step parameters are defined. Step height is particularly sensitive; thus, comparison of step height-based relationships from published data requires great care. 相似文献
127.
Despite the gently dipping slopes (ca 1°), large-scale submarine slope failures have occurred on the mid-Norwegian continental
margin (Storegga, Sklinnadjupet, Traenadjupet), suggesting the presence of special conditions predisposing to failure in this
formerly glaciated margin. With a volume estimated between 2,400 and 3,200 km3 and an affected area of approximately 95,000 km2, the Storegga slide represents one of the largest and best-studied submarine slides of Holocene age known worldwide. Finite
element modeling of slope failure indicates that a large (6.5 < Ms < 7.0) seismic triggering mechanism would not be sufficient
to cause failure at more than 110 m below the seabed as observed for the slip planes at Storegga (northern sidewall). This
implies that other factors (e.g., liquefaction, strain softening, gas charging, rapid burial) are needed to explain the occurrence
of the Storegga slide with a deep surface of failure. In this paper, we discuss the importance of the compaction effect of
rapidly accumulated sediments in the slide area. During compaction, sediment grains reorganize themselves, thereby, expelling
pore water. Consequently, depending on sedimentation rate and permeability, excess pore pressures might result beneath less
permeable sediments. Our modeling and cross-checking illustrate how excess pore pressure generation due to high sedimentation
rate could explain the development of layers of weakness, and thus, how such a large slide might have been initiated in deep
sediments. Using the highest sedimentation rate estimated in the area (36 and 27 m/kyr between 16.2 and 15 kyr BP), 1D modeling
shows excess pore pressure values of around 200 kPa at a depth of 100 m below the seafloor 15 kyr BP and 60 kPa at a depth
of 100 m at the time of the slide (8 kyr BP). Excess pore pressure apparently drastically reduced the resistance of the sediment
(incomplete consolidation). In addition, 2D modeling shows that permeability anisotropies can significantly affect the lateral
extent of excess pore pressure dissipation, affecting, that way, normally consolidated sediments far from the excess pore
pressure initiation area. 相似文献
128.
Fossil leaves resembling Nothofagaceae have been investigated from the Eocene of western Antarctica and a new form genus Nothofagofolia is proposed for these kinds of fossils. Some new specimens belonging to this form genus are described. They were collected
from the Fossil Hill locality of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, western Antarctica. Two new
species, two new combinations and an unnamed species are reported. A number of published Nothofagus leaf fossils from the same locality are discussed and revised. As a result of these studies of Nothofagus leaf morphology, we conclude that (1) Nothofagus probably originated in high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during the middle-late Late Cretaceous and diversified,
dispersed gradually to the lower latitudes of the same hemisphere; (2) leaf morphological characters are significant for the
systematics of the family Nothofagaceae, especially at the intrageneric level; and (3) extant species of Nothofagus known from southern temperate areas have more primitive leaf morphological characters and lower leaf ranks than those from
tropical mountains as well as those of the Fagaceae and Betulaceae.
Supported by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology & Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaoentology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 013106), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30670159) and
the Fund of Innovation Program by Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 相似文献
129.
Patrick A. Hesp Sergio Rebello Dillenburg Eduardo Guimaraes Barboza Luiz C. P. Clerot Luiz J. Tomazelli Ricardo Norberto Ayup Zouain 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(3):407-414
The surface morphology of the transgressive dunefield barrier extending from Itapeva to Tramandai along the northern littoral of Rio Grande do Sul, is examined and an attempt is presented to link morphological changes across the barrier to Holocene sea level changes. The 4·5 km wide Holocene barrier displays two typical morphologies: an inner part dominated by large‐scale, continuous alongshore, overlapping dunefield phases comprising sand sheets, dunes, deflation plains and precipitation ridges; and an outer part dominated by discontinuous, medium‐ to small‐scale, triangular to lobate transgressive dunefield phases, cut by both active and relict (palaeo‐) creeks or washouts. Holocene sea level in the region rose to c. +1 to +3 m above present reaching a maximum around 5100 years bp and then progressively fell to the present level. We argue that the effect on barrier development was to suppress the development of a drainage system during the rising and maximum stages, and encourage the development of an organized drainage system in the form of regularly spaced washouts during the falling period, and that this change in sea level from rising to falling therefore produced the large‐scale differences in barrier morphology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
130.