主磁场梯度的空间分布和长期变化特征

根据GUFM1和IGRF11模型,计算1590—2010年主磁场总强度F、水平分量H和磁倾角I三个要素的水平梯度和垂直梯度,分析了它们的空间分布和长期变化特点.结果表明:F和H的垂直梯度与其磁场的空间分布类似,水平方向的梯度以及磁倾角I在3个方向的梯度都与其磁场分布有明显差异.H的3个方向的梯度分布清楚地指示出南磁极的位置.梯度的长期变化表明,北半球磁场梯度漂移缓慢,南半球磁场梯度变化较快.磁倾角的垂直梯度显示,中太平洋负异常周围的正异常在围绕该负异常旋转.近赤道的梯度异常带在60°W附近的转折是由印度洋异常向非洲方向移动所致.     

Spatial and diurnal distribution of invertebrate and fish fauna of a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in Damariscotta River, Maine (USA)

Fish, epibenthos and macroinfauna were collected in a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in the estuary of the Damariscotta River, on the mid-coast of Maine. Samples of epibenthic fauna and fish were collected at low tides both during day and night, and samples of infauna at low tides during the day. The mean density of Zostera shoots in the study area was 335 m⁻². Abundance and species number of fish were greater at night than during the day and greater in eelgrass beds (Z. marina) than in unvegetated habitats. Daytime fish collections were dominated by Atlantic silversides (Medinia medinia), while juvenile winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) dominated night collections. Also Zostera-associated epifaunal abundances and number of species were significantly higher at night than during the day. Mysis stenolepis, Idotea balthica and Littorina obtusata were dominant species in the epifauna samples. Of the total of 37 invertebrate species encountered, only five occurred both in the infaunal and epifaunal samples. Nineteen different taxa were collected from the benthic core samples. The most abundant invertebrate infaunal taxa were sipunculids, the polychaete Nereis virens, and oligochaetes. Infaunal invertebrate abundances and species diversity were significantly higher in eelgrass beds than in unvegetated sediments. The abundance and number of species of benthic invertebrates were also positively correlated to seagrass biomass. Community diversity values (H′) were relatively low but fit well in the general pattern of decreasing diversity towards northern latitudes.     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区流域坡面水保措施变化特征

选用Landsat TM、环境星CCD、SPOT4 和资源三号卫星影像等多源地学数据,通过人机交互式解译和修订土地利用与梯田数据,提出用相邻图幅递进回归分析法消除NDVI时相差异后反演植被盖度,构建起退耕还林还草面积比例、植被盖度均值变化量和有效梯田累计保存面积比例3 个坡面特征变化指示参数后,运用综合聚类分析和多要素贡献率模型研究黄河中游多沙粗沙区的流域坡面水保措施变化特征。结果表明：（1） 1998-2010 年间研究区内流域坡面水保措施变化显著,平均退耕还林还草面积比例为5.55%,平均林草植被盖度均值增加20.63%,平均有效梯田累计保存面积比例达6.25%;（2） 多要素水保措施变化共同作用下的流域坡面变化特征主要有7 种类型,即植被盖度变化主导型、植被—土地变化主导型、土地—植被变化主导型、植被—梯田变化主导型、梯田—植被变化主导型、梯田面积变化主导型和多要素变化共同主导型;（3） 不同类型的空间分布存在一定的地貌背景差异,后续研究应结合流域坡面变化特征及其地貌格局来优化配置水保措施,并合理估计水沙模型模拟的敏感性参数。     

纤维对石灰改良膨胀土性质的影响分析

首先对膨胀土基本性质做了试验分析,通过天然膨胀土和掺人纤维前后的石灰土的击实试验,得出了掺人少量纤维对石灰土的最优含水率和最大干密度影响很小.通过有荷膨胀率试验,得出了纤维能够抑制石灰土的膨胀性,纤维掺人量在0.05%～0.1%之间时,线膨胀率随纤维掺人量的增多而降低显著,在0.1%～0.2%之间时降低幅度减小.由无侧...     

高原湖泊鱼类生长特性与形态差异研究

根据2009年8—11月洱海流域采集的2991尾鱼类样本,研究了其生长特性与形态差异。结果表明,洱海流域大部分鱼类表现为匀速生长或近匀速生长,但有两种鱼类(中华青、大理裂腹鱼)呈现强异速生长。肥满度以吃食性鱼类最高(鲫、鲤、团头鲂),滤食性鱼类次之(鲢、鳙)。对主要优势种——麦穗鱼、鲫的形态分析表明,洱海麦穗鱼、鲫种群与西湖、茈碧湖、海西海三个湖泊的麦穗鱼、鲫种群在形态上均无显著差异。西湖、茈碧湖、海西海三个湖泊的麦穗鱼种群之间以及鲫种群之间均存在种群间差异(C.D<1.28),其中茈碧湖、海西海两个湖泊的鲫种群在眼径/头长性状上的差异达到亚种水平(C.D=1.5)。     

南极普里兹湾海域湍流扩散系数估计

基于Thorpe尺度方法,利用CTD数据,计算了南极普里兹湾海域的Thorpe尺度和湍流扩散系数,分析了观测区域(64°～69°S,66°～80°E)湍流翻转现象的强弱及分布。结果表明,在海底和地形粗糙区存在较大的Thorpe尺度(较强湍流翻转)和湍流扩散系数,湍流扩散系数最大值能达到10^-2m²/s量级,比平坦开阔海洋高2～3个数量级,部分观测站位的湍流扩散系数和湍动能耗散率表现出大-小-大的垂向分布结构,总水深较深的区域尤为明显;深水区域的浮力频率在海表面到500 m层比较大,浅水区域该现象不明显;湍动能耗散率在(67.25°S,73°E)周围和经度为78°E的各站位都表现相对较大,能达到10^-6 w/kg量级,个别站位甚至能达到10^-5 w/kg量级。     

太平洋年代际振荡对冬季北半球两大洋风暴轴协同变化的可能影响

利用NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料和NOAA提供的海温资料分析太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)不同位相的年代际背景下北半球海气耦合关系的异常与风暴轴协同变化的联系,主要结果如下:1)冬季太平洋年代际振荡与北半球两大洋风暴轴协同变化之间存在显著的相关关系,当PDO暖位相时,对应两大洋风暴轴南北位置反向的异常变化,其中北太平洋风暴轴偏南且中东部减弱,北大西洋风暴轴偏北且中东部增强,PDO冷位相时相反。2)PDO为暖位相时,对应El Niňo型海温异常,北大西洋海温呈三极型,平均槽脊加强,经向环流增强,极涡收缩,北太平洋风暴轴南压,大西洋风暴轴则北抬,此时欧亚大陆北部和北美大陆大部分地区温度异常升高,亚洲南部、非洲北部及巴伦支海以北的高纬温度异常降低,北美西南部和格陵兰岛附近温度也为异常降低,PDO冷位相时相反。     

地电场对青藏高原东北部季节冻土的响应特性

地电场的变化与台址环境的水文、气象及地质背景等相关,在青藏高原东北部季节冻土区,11个地电场台站处于较高的海拔,据台址下覆场地属性分为A类（黄土型）和B类（高原草场型）台站。通过对青藏高原季节冻土区域的地电场和大地电流场的计算和分析,联系区域构造活动和地质环境得出以下认识：青藏高原东北部季节冻土区地电场变化对水热环境响应明显,冬、夏两季测值可能发生跃变;长周期的地电场变化曲线可能与台址附近气温变化相关;台站大地电流矢量在冻土部分冻融交替过程中发生方向和幅度值的改变。A类和B类台址显示出不同的季节变化规律,地电场曲线上升和下降的时间节点各异,这种现象可应用于监测该区域冻土冻融情况和冻土的时空演变。     

The Effects of Line-Wing Cutoff in LBL Integration on Radiation Calculations

There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally.     

南极绕极流区中尺度涡动动能年际变化和转换机制

采用多种资料研究南大洋南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)区中尺度涡的年际变化规律及机制.通过分析网格化融合卫星海洋资料AVISO(Archiving,Validation and Interpretation of Satellites Oceanographic DATA...