小波分析在空间数据处理中的应用研究

在GIS中,海量数据的处理问题一直是个难题,如果解决了海量数据的网上传输,则在WebGIS中就可以实现大范围矢量影像叠加漫游及大范围地形三维浏览飞行展示。在研究基于小波系数的地形、DEM及影像简化方法的基础上,提出了一种基于小波变换的大规模地进行简化算法;其思路是先将大地形、影像分块管理并作小波变换,然后根据视野从中提取可见的一组子块,最后基于小波系数进行简化并绘制地形和影像。试验结果证实了小波分析方法对地形简化的有效性。在数据处理过程中,对小波变换处理过程进行了优化和改进。     

Damage field and site effects: multidisciplinary studies of the 1964 earthquake series in Central Switzerland

Central Switzerland shows comparatively high seismic activity by Swiss standards. Many historical earthquakes are known and several of them caused damage. The last major event dates back to 1964 and has the characteristics of an earthquake swarm. Among dozens of felt shocks were two main shocks (Mw = 5 and 5.7) that moderately damaged a limited area with hundreds of buildings suffering loss. Our aim here was to reconstruct the damage field and to analyze whether it was influenced by site effects. Given the existence of a contemporary damage assessment and other historical sources, we could describe the damage field in detail. For about 95% of the affected buildings, we could reconstruct the location and extent of loss, using assessments from the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS 98). Spatial analysis of the resulting data showed that most losses were concentrated in the villages of Sarnen and Kerns. Damage to residential houses and barns was by far most frequent (90%), but expensive losses to the relatively few sacral buildings were responsible for almost 50% of the repair costs. We compared the damage data with deposit thickness and soil composition and carried out field experiments using H/V spectral ratios to measure the fundamental frequency of ground resonance at 75 sites to estimate the frequency band in which amplification occurs. Our results show that locations on both thick fluviatile sediments and large alluvial cones showed higher intensities than did other ground types. Moreover, at some sites, intensity was probably increased by a layer of weathered rock below thin deposits.     

基于易损性的基础隔震结构地震动选取方法研究

对基础隔震结构进行动力弹塑性时程分析时,地震记录的选择是关键.提出基于基础隔震结构弹塑性动力放大系数谱进行地震记录选取的方法:首先采用动力弹塑性时程分析方法对基础隔震结构的两自由度简化模型进行分析,得到结构的动力放大系数谱;然后采用谱匹配的方法选取地震记录,对一8层混凝土框架结构的基础隔震结构进行增量动力分析、地震易损...     

深部钻探关键设备选择原则及配置优化

钻探装备及工艺方法是钻探工程技术的核心,其中钻探设备又是实施钻探工艺的基础和硬件条件。施工中由于使用条件不同,则需要不同类型的钻探装备。所谓钻探装备是指完成一个钻孔所必b 需的钻机、泥浆泵、钻塔、动力、机具及其它技术装备的总称。通过分析设备配置对钻探效率的影响,对深部地质岩心钻探关键设备与机具的优选与配置展开讨论,提出了深孔岩心钻探关键设备优选的建议。     

面向地理国情普查水系要素的属性自动校正算法

地理国情普查水域数据中线状水系数据存在部分数据属性不明确的情况,目前主要通过人工填写逐个修正,效率低且易出错。基于此,本文提出了一种线状水系要素属性自动校正的算法,通过对数据结构特征和拓扑关系的分析,提出了考虑水系网络邻近关联性、结构健壮性及拓扑延展性的属性校正三大基本原则,并依托中国测绘科学研究院研制的WJ-Ⅲ地图工作站实现了水系要素的自动化校正;最后用实际数据测试验证了这些基本原则的合理性和方法的有效性。     

遥感多指标评价模型在高原地区给水站选址中的应用

为满足藏北高原地区给水站快速选址的需求,从该区气象水文、地质环境和地貌条件出发,对给水站选址的遥感多指标评价模型进行了优化,减小了模型复杂度和遥感信息提取的工作量。采用模糊评价算法对各指标进行规范化,构建高原地区给水站选址多指标评价模型; 采用加权合成算法计算给水站选址评估指数。研究区实地勘查表明,选址评估指数的验证结果与理论分析结果一致,该模型在高原地区给水站选址中具有较好的应用效果。     

距今7000年来河南郑州西山遗址古代人类生存环境

对河南郑州西山遗址同期山麓洪积成因的自然沉积剖面样品的有机碳、炭屑含量、碳氮比值和孢粉进行了分析,根据其实验结果,结合平原地貌与物质组成特点,分析了该地区 7000aBP古代人类生存的气候与环境特征,得到如下结论：1）7300 aBP以来气候变化大约以2900aBP为界,在此之前以暖湿为主,当时当地的气候大体与今日的江淮地区的气候相当,台地上宜旱作,有机碳反映出暖湿期内至少存在5个干旱时段。到2900 aBP以近,气候旱化趋势明显,与当地现今气候接近。2）当地的地貌条件是洪积成因的向东向南倾斜的宽阔平原,虽有枯河穿过,因其具有冲沟性质而无泛滥之苦,又平原的组成物质下部是更新世洪积黄土层,顶部为全新世黄土层,很适合古代人类居住和进行旱作农业耕作活动3）以土地氮量供应不足为标准进行判断,至少在7 300 a BP前后这里已开始了旱作农业活动,这种判断与本地区以草本花粉为主的孢粉分析结果是吻合的。在炭屑浓度上,表现为早期D（炭屑长轴直径）＜50μ的具有n×102 片/ 厘米3,D＞50μ的只在近5000 aBP才断续出现,这种变化与耕作施肥技术的进步不无关系。     

贵州岩溶地区输水渡槽的基础选型分析

贵州一输水渡槽跨越岩溶区域,可能会产生岩溶塌陷、向临空面失稳等工程地质问题。本文在地质钻探、物探和现场调查的基础上,通过基于地质力学的地质轮廓法进行裂隙配套,判断节理裂隙性质及其对岩溶的影响,结合深浅埋洞穴的界定初步判断其稳定性,并采用基于规范、标准的半定量稳定性分析及含节理裂隙的二维有限元分析、三维有限差分分析,从位移、应力分布及塑性区发展及破坏模式角度来判断溶洞在上部荷载作用下的稳定性。研究表明:本工程溶洞顶板的受力同深梁的受荷模式,节理裂隙很大程度上影响顶板的稳定性,顶板容易沿节理裂隙和层面产生剪切、拉伸作用。最后结合长期安全稳定运行综合给出基础选型建议。      

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

Knowledge Recovery for Continental-Scale Mineral Exploration by Neural Networks

This study is concerned with understanding of the formation of ore deposits (precious and base metals) and contributes to the exploration and discovery of new occurrences using artificial neural networks. From the different digital data sets available in BRGM's GIS Andes (a comprehensive metallogenic continental-scale Geographic Information System) 25 attributes are identified as known factors or potential factors controlling the formation of gold deposits in the Andes Cordillera. Various multilayer perceptrons were applied to discriminate possible ore deposits from barren sites. Subsequently, because artificial neural networks can be used to construct a revised model for knowledge extraction, the optimal brain damage algorithm by LeCun was applied to order the 25 attributes by their relevance to the classification. The approach demonstrates how neural networks can be used efficiently in a practical problem of mineral exploration, where general domain knowledge alone is insufficient to satisfactorily model the potential controls on deposit formation using the available information in continent-scale information systems.