一种遥感卫星影像的自适应色彩增强算法

国产遥感卫星多光谱影像普遍存在着亮度、对比度低的问题,人工调整在一定程度上能得到较好的视觉效果,但是处理效率低且存在显著的不确定性。为此,提出了一种基于灰度变换的自适应色彩增强算法,通过分析异常像素值在灰度直方图中的分布特点自适应地确定截止阈值,并利用色彩调整使不同波段间灰度均值趋于一致。与几种经典的色彩增强方法的比较实验结果表明,提出方法的自动调整效果与人工调整一致,且能保持影像的多光谱信息的完整、不失真。     

黔北大竹园―隆兴地区铝土矿遥感地质调查研究

研究区位于贵州省道真县东南部,铝土矿资源丰富,找矿前景好。本文利用Landsat8卫星多光谱遥感数据,开展中大尺度遥感地质解译、含矿层位追索、找矿信息提取和野外验证,快速圈定了控制铝土矿分布的向斜构造以及铝土矿相对富集的地段,为进一步开展矿产资源地质调查工作提供了基础资料。     

Rights to carbon and payments for services rendered under REDD+: Options for the case of Mexico

Mexico is relatively advanced in its preparation for international policy on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and has many of the pre-conditions needed to support a community approach in the implementation of a national REDD+ programme, particularly as regards tenure of forests and experience with community forest management and PES schemes, although these conditions do not pertain everywhere. One critical issue that is yet to be resolved concerns rights to carbon credits and distribution of the financial benefits flowing from REDD+. We demonstrate that attribution of carbon credits from reduced deforestation and degradation at the community level is virtually impossible from a technical viewpoint, since these credits are counterfactual. Payments based on assessment of performance of each community in terms of such reductions would moreover be inequitable and inefficient. Flat rate payments in return for agreed improvements in management are likely to be more motivating and much easier to administer. However, increases in carbon stock (forest enhancement) can be physically measured on site, and could be more easily attributed to each individual community. We therefore propose a system in which reduced deforestation and degradation are considered environmental services, with credits accruing to national government. The financial value of the credits may be used to finance flat rate payments to communities who agree to implement improved management. On the other hand, credits for forest enhancement, which reflect measurable increases in carbon in the communities’ trees, would be considered environmental goods. These should be considered the direct property of the owners of the forest (in the same sense as wood or poles) and it would be possible for communities to sell these credits themselves. We acknowledge however that many other problems face implementation of REDD+ in Mexico, and provide a number of important examples.     

全球对地观测球体幕显示中图像处理技术

覆盖全球的气象信息在球体幕上进行显示具有很强的立体感和纵深感,在多个行业具有应用价值。基于中国气象局的气象资料,在国内首次研制了全球对地观测球体幕显示系统软件并能够稳定运行。本文主要介绍了系统的核心技术图像处理的实现。图像处理包括两个步骤:图像增强和图像变形。图像增强处理增强了包含大量气象信息的图像显示效果,图像变形处理通过几何校正、图像拼接等技术实现将备投图像从平面显示正确投影到球体幕上。经过系统图像处理后,覆盖全球的观测资料能在球体幕上正确、无缝、无变形、无失真显示,其利用模拟真实地球的球体屏幕,让观众从太空的角度直观形象地体验全球气象信息展示。     

Impacts of Multi-Scale Solar Activity on Climate. Part II: Dominant Timescales in Decadal-Centennial Climate Variability

Part Ⅱ of this study detects the dominant decadal-centennial timescales in four SST indices up to the 2010/2011 winter and tries to relate them to the observed 11-yr and 88-yr solar activity with the sunspot number up to Solar Cycle 24.To explore plausible solar origins of the observed decadal-centennial timescales in the SSTs and climate variability in general,we design a simple one-dimensional dynamical system forced by an annual cycle modulated by a small-amplitude single-or multi-scale "solar activity." Results suggest that nonlinear harmonic and subharmonic resonance of the system to the forcing and period-doubling bifurcations are responsible for the dominant timescales in the system,including the 60-yr timescale that dominates the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.The dominant timescales in the forced system depend on the system’s parameter setting.Scale enhancement among the dominant response timescales may result in dramatic amplifications over a few decades and extreme values of the time series on various timescales.Three possible energy sources for such amplifications and extremes are proposed.Dynamical model results suggest that solar activity may play an important yet not well recognized role in the observed decadal-centennial climate variability.The atmospheric dynamical amplifying mechanism shown in Part Ⅰ and the nonlinear resonant and bifurcation mechanisms shown in Part Ⅱ help us to understand the solar source of the multi-scale climate change in the 20th century and the fact that different solar influenced dominant timescales for recurrent climate extremes for a given region or a parameter setting.Part Ⅱ also indicates that solar influences on climate cannot be linearly compared with non-cyclic or sporadic thermal forcings because they cannot exert their influences on climate in the same way as the sun does.     

应用雷达数据产品初评飞机增雪早期催化效果

 应用新一代天气雷达数据资料,结合飞机定位播撒,在目标云体上截取一个作业区,同时在作业区两侧设立2个对比区,计算3个区域的雷达强度数值。随着雷达观测的继续,可以得到3条雷达强度随时间变化的曲线。对比分析3条曲线的变化趋势,初步得出：飞行播撒催化剂后,作业区、扩散区较上风方的自然区,雷达回波强度值有明显增强趋势。本文应用2007年12月26日的新一代天气雷达回波数据、雷达站上游气象探空以及人工增雪飞机播撒催化剂的航迹等资料,针对新疆冬季层状云的早期催化效果评估,作者设计了新的检验模式,进行了定量化计算。具体方法为：（1）在雷达的平显气象回波（PPI）上,截取一段飞机播撒催化剂航迹;（2）设定宽10 km的带状航迹为“播撒区”,代表播撒状态下云的演变;上风方宽10 km的区域为“对比区A”,代表自然状态下云的演变;下风方宽10 km的区域为“对比区B”,代表扩散状态下云的演变;（3）分别计算3个区域的雷达回波强度（dbz）总值。随着雷达观测的继续,可以得到雷达回波强度（dbz）随时间变化的3条曲线;（4）对比分析3条曲线的变化趋势,初步得出结论：人工增雪飞机进行播撒催化剂后,作业区及“对比区B”的回波强度总值,比“对比区A”的回波强度总值,有明显地增强趋势。     

中国区域陆地生态系统碳收支综合研究的科技需求与重要科学问题

陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程机制研究一直是全球气候变化的成因分析、变化趋势预测、减缓和适应对策分析等领域的热点,受到科技界和国际社会的广泛关注。本文在简要回顾中国陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程研究领域的发展历史,总结各个发展阶段主要特征的基础上,讨论了开展中国区域陆地生态系统碳收支综合研究的科技需求和社会需求,评述了中国在相关领域研究中存在的主要问题,探讨了当前的科学研究前沿领域及其关键科学问题。本文指出,现阶段中国开展区域尺度陆地生态系统碳收支及其循环过程机制综合研究工作不仅是提升中国生态系统生态学、地球系统科学与全球变化科学的创新能力的科技发展需求,更是中国参与应对全球气候变化国际合作、改进生态系统管理、保障生态安全的社会经济发展需求。同时还指出,中国现阶段在该领域的研究工作还缺乏各类生态系统碳收支的实际调查数据,缺乏国家尺度碳收支科学数据的整合,缺乏可用于碳收支计量与综合评估的模型工具,也没有形成国家层次的碳源汇计量、评估、认证及决策分析信息系统平台。本文通过国内外科技发展的分析认为,中国在该领域的研究工作,应在大力发展陆地生态系统碳收支和碳汇功能的定量监测、评价和认证的方法与技术基础上,重点关注并前瞻性地开展陆地生态系统碳-氮-水循环过程耦合关系及其对全球气候变化的响应与适应、碳-氮-磷生态化学计量学特征及其环境影响、碳-氮-水耦合循环过程的生物调控机制等前沿领域,以提高中国生态系统与全球变化科学研究水平,为国家的生态系统与温室气体管理提供基础理论、科学知识和先进技术的储备。     

改进的自适应遗传算法在图像模糊增强中的应用

本文在图像增强中应用了模糊集理论,实现了以空间域—模糊域—空间域为主要过程的的图像模糊增强。首先通过Fibonacci数列对遗传算法做了自适应改进,而后以改进的适应度函数为惟一内在驱动力,利用遗传算法对模糊参数进行了自动选择,最后与传统的线性增强、直方图均衡进行了对比实验。实验结果表明该方法能改善原图像视觉效果,便于后续的图像分析。     

基于非线性编码和lαβ变换的SAR图像伪彩色增强

设计了一种基于非线性编码和lαβ变换的SAR图像伪彩色增强算法。利用非线性编码建立SAR图像强度值与不同颜色之间的映射关系,得到SAR伪彩色图像;通过lαβ变换分离出伪彩色图像的颜色信息和SAR灰度图像的亮度信息;再将亮度信息和颜色信息通过lαβ逆变换生成SAR伪彩色增强图像。实验结果表明,利用该算法处理得到的SAR伪彩色增强图像与相应的灰度图像相比,具有更加丰富的信息,灰度图像上不易分辨的一些地物的轮廓和细节在伪彩色图像上能够得到较好分辨。从而验证了该算法的有效性。     

Physico‐chemical features of lake Ototoa,a sand‐dune lake in northern New Zealand

Lake Ototoa is a warm monomictic lake at 36° 31’ S, 174° 14'E. During a year's study (March 1969‐March 1970), the lake became thermally stratified in November, the metalimnion being between depths of 12 m and 16 m. Surface temperatures ranged between 10.2°c (in August) and 25.2°c (in late January), and bottom temperatures between 9.7°c and 17.5°c. The annual heat budget was calculated to be 642 354 KJ.m^‐2 (15 500 cal.cm^‐2) and the work of the wind in distributing the heat income 1.730 KJ.m^‐2 (1766 g.cm.cm^‐2). Secchi disc transparencies ranged between 5 m and 9.2 m (mean 7.07 m) and were greatest in the summer. Light transmission per metre was also high, ranging between 61% and 87%. Surface waters were normally supersaturated with oxygen, but during summer stratification oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters dropped to a minimum of 2.3 mg.litre^‐2 and a positive heterograde distribution of oxygen with depth was found. The oxygen deficit was 0.015 mg.cm^‐2.day^‐1 and showed the lake to be oligotrophic. Mean surface pH was 7.82, and the ionic composition of the waters was similar to that of other small New Zealand and Australian lakes located near the sea. Compared with other New Zealand lakes PO4‐P concentrations (range 1.00–10.20 μg.litre^‐1) were low and NO3—N concentrations (range 0.12–0.60 mg.litre^‐1) high.