地面高精度磁法在塞拉利昂洛琴铁矿区的应用

塞拉利昂位于赤道附近,属于低纬度地区。在低纬度区,以水平磁化为主的条件下,磁性体所产生的ΔT磁异常以负异常为主,正异常伴生。通过对磁资料进行倒相180°、化赤、化极处理方法的对比,认为在不考虑剩磁、磁性体退磁作用的情况下,结合当地地质情况,倒相180°的处理方法能够展现该区的磁场特征,以此作为基础资料对全区的磁异常进行解释。利用不同高度的向上延拓处理,有效地排除了浅层干扰,突出深层异常特征,再结合最大坡度法、经验切线法、欧拉奇次方程法确定其磁性体的埋深和水平大致位置,最后,采用二度半人机交互反演拟合磁性体大致的形态,通过布设钻探施工,验证结果与推断吻合较好。     

Wood export prediction at the watershed scale

Wood export from a watershed is a function of peak annual discharge, but one hydrologic relationship alone does not fully explain observed variability. Consideration of physical processes that influence the amount of wood available for transport is needed. However, wood recruitment, storage, mobilization, breakage, and transport rates and processes remain difficult to quantify. A theoretical wood transport equation focused on variations in discharge was the motivation for investigation into watershed‐specific wood export rates. Herein, multiplicative coefficients categorized by water year type are developed, paired with the equation, and validated to provide a new method for prediction of wood export at the watershed scale. The coefficients are defined as representing a broad suite of watershed processes that encompass spatio‐temporally variable scales. Two complementary datasets from the 1097 km² mountainous North Yuba River, California watershed were used. Wood surveys above New Bullards Bar Reservoir yielded a wood availability estimate of 250 000–300 000 m³ along the channel network. Annual wood export into the reservoir was field‐surveyed in 2010, 2012 and 2013, and estimated in seven years via remotely sensed images over the 30 year study period of water years 1985–2014. Empirical, watershed‐scale wood export rates ranged from 0.3–5.6%. Comparison of predicted quantities using the new DVWP (discharge variations modified by watershed processes) wood export equation to observed wood export quantities resulted in an aggregate error rate of ±10%. When individual wood export quantities were compared, predicted to observed varied by 0.5–3.0 times. Total wood export of 59 000–71 000 m³ was estimated over the 30 year period, yielding a rate of 1.8 to 2.2 m³/year/km². Wood export predictive capabilities at the watershed scale may help water resource and regulatory agencies plan for wood transfers to augment downstream ecosystems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variation of palaeostress patterns along the Oriente transform wrench corridor, Cuba: significance for Neogene–Quaternary tectonics of the Caribbean realm

In this study, we address the late Miocene to Recent tectonic evolution of the North Caribbean (Oriente) Transform Wrench Corridor in the southern Sierra Maestra mountain range, SE Cuba. The region has been affected by historical earthquakes and shows many features of brittle deformation in late Miocene to Pleistocene reef and other shallow water deposits as well as in pre-Neogene, late Cretaceous to Eocene basement rocks. These late Miocene to Quaternary rocks are faulted, fractured, and contain calcite- and karst-filled extension gashes. Type and orientation of the principal normal palaeostress vary along strike in accordance with observations of large-scale submarine structures at the south-eastern Cuban margin. Initial N–S extension is correlated with a transtensional regime associated with the fault, later reactivated by sinistral and/or dextral shear, mainly along E–W-oriented strike-slip faults. Sinistral shear predominated and recorded similar kinematics as historical earthquakes in the Santiago region. We correlate palaeostress changes with the kinematic evolution along the boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Three different tectonic regimes were distinguished for the Oriente transform wrench corridor (OTWC): compression from late Eocene–Oligocene, transtension from late Oligocene to Miocene (?) (D₁), and transpression from Pliocene to Present (D₂–D₄), when this fault became a transform system. Furthermore, present-day structures vary along strike of the Oriente transform wrench corridor (OTWC) on the south-eastern Cuban coast, with dominantly transpressional/compressional and strike-slip structures in the east and transtension in the west. The focal mechanisms of historical earthquakes are in agreement with the dominant ENE–WSW transpressional structures found on land.     

Conservative behavior of arsenic and other oxyanion-forming trace elements in an oxic groundwater flow system

Groundwater samples were collected along a flow path in a shallow, fractured tuffaceous aquifer from the Oasis Valley–Beatty Wash region of southern Nevada, USA, and analyzed for a number of oxyanion-forming trace elements including arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W). In addition, ancillary geochemical parameters, including pH, major solute compositions, dissolved silica, dissolved oxygen, and iron and manganese concentrations were quantified in the groundwaters. Arsenic concentrations range from 70 nmol/kg up to 316 nmol/kg in groundwaters of the Oasis Valley–Beatty Wash flow system, and generally exhibit increasing concentrations with flow down-gradient along the flow path. Antimony, W, and to a lesser extent, Mo, exhibit similar increasing concentration trends with flow down-gradient in the aquifer, albeit, at lower concentrations levels (e.g., mean ± SD for Sb, W, and Mo are 2.3 ± 0.9 nmol/kg, 7.4 ± 3.7 nmol/kg, and 101 ± 19 nmol/kg, respectively). Selenium concentration, which range between 4 and 11 nmol/kg, generally decrease in groundwaters with flow down-gradients in the Oasis Valley–Beatty Wash groundwater flow systems. Inverse modeling of groundwater chemistry evolution from the lower reaches of the Oasis Valley flow path using PHREEQC indicate that the groundwater composition is consistent with mixing of nearly equal proportions of groundwater from upper reaches of Oasis Valley and Beatty Wash groundwater, along with dissolution of volcanic glass, potassium feldspar, and gypsum, followed by calcite precipitation, and formation of secondary zeolites (analcime), clay minerals (Ca-montmorillonite), and cristobalite. The geochemical modeling indicates that the concentrations of As and the other oxyanion-forming trace elements are controlled by dissolution of volcanic glass, water–rock interaction with mineralized zones within the aquifer (i.e., sulfide oxidation), desorption from aquifer surface sites, and mixing of Oasis Valley and Beatty Wash groundwaters.     

PERSISTENT AND ANCIENT RIVERS–SOME AUSTRALIAN EXAMPLES

Rivers are positive feedback systems and, once established and dominant, tend to maintain and enhance that dominance. Thus, major rivers ought to persist. Rivers, some 60 m.y. old (Eocene), that are extant and have been continuously active since initiation have been identified in Australia. Other rivers of equal or even greater antiquity, but with slightly checkered chronologies, also persist in the landscape, as do the ghosts of others. Rivers of similar antiquity occur in other Gondwanan landscapes. [Key words: rivers, antiquity, persistence, drainage anomalies, Australia.]     

Changes in sediment and organic carbon accumulation in a highly-disturbed ecosystem: The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (California, USA)

We used the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta CA (Delta, hereafter) as a model system for understanding how human activities influence the delivery of sediment and total organic carbon (TOC) over the past 50–60 years. Sediment cores were collected from sites within the Delta representing the Sacramento River (SAC), the San Joaquin River (SJR), and Franks Tract (FT), a flooded agricultural tract. A variety of anthropogenic tracers including ¹³⁷Cs, total DDE (∑DDE) and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners were used to quantify sediment accumulation rates. This information was combined with total organic carbon (TOC) profiles to quantify rates of TOC accumulation. Across the three sites, sediment and TOC accumulation rates were four to eight-fold higher prior to 1972. Changes in sediment and TOC accumulation were coincident with completion of several large reservoirs and increased agriculture and urbanization in the Delta watershed. Radiocarbon content of TOC indicated that much of the carbon delivered to the Delta is “pre-aged” reflecting processing in the Delta watershed or during transport to the sites rather than an input of predominantly contemporary carbon (e.g., 900–1400 years BP in surface sediments and 2200 yrs BP and 3610 yrs BP at the base of the SJR and FT cores, respectively). Together, these data suggest that human activities have altered the amount and age of TOC accumulating in the Delta since the 1940s.     

Kimberlites of the Man craton, West Africa

The Man craton in West Africa is an Archaean craton formerly joined to the Guyana craton (South America) that was rifted apart in the Mesozoic. Kimberlites of the Man craton include three Jurassic-aged clusters in Guinea, two Jurassic-aged clusters in Sierra Leone, and in Liberia two clusters of unknown age and one Neoproterozoic cluster recently dated at 800 Ma.

All of the kimberlites irrespective of age occur as small pipes and prolific dykes. Some of the Banankoro cluster pipes in Guinea, the Koidu pipes in Sierra Leone and small pipes in the Weasua cluster in Liberia contain hypabyssal-facies kimberlite and remnants of the so-called transitional-facies and diatreme-facies kimberlite. Most of the Man craton kimberlites are mineralogically classified as phlogopite kimberlites, although potassium contents are relatively low. They are chemically similar to mica-poor Group 1A Southern African examples.

The Jurassic kimberlites are considered to represent one province of kimberlites that track from older bodies in Guinea (Droujba 153 Ma) to progressively younger kimberlites in Sierra Leone (Koidu, 146 Ma and Tongo, 140 Ma). The scarcity of diatreme-facies kimberlites relative to hypabyssal-facies kimberlites and the presence of the so-called transitional-facies indicate that the pipes have been eroded down to the interface between the root and diatreme zones. From this observation, it is concluded that extensive erosion (1–2 km) has occurred since the Jurassic. In addition to erosion, the presence of abundant early crystallizing phlogopite is considered to have had an effect on the relatively small sizes of the Man craton kimberlites.     

利用元胞自动机计算河道槽蓄量

构建基于元胞自动机的河道水流漫延模型,在该模型中针对河道地形特点处理边界问题,基于水力学中的曼宁公式构建模型局部转换规则,并利用元胞自动机的模拟空间复杂系统动态演变能力的特点,模拟了水流由上断面向下断面流动的动态过程,形成符合上下断面水位的水面,进而计算河道槽蓄量。实验结果表明,把元胞自动机模型引入水文领域计算河道槽蓄量的方法具有可行性。     

Markov Processes and Discrete Multifractals

Fractals and multifractals are a natural consequence of self-similarity resulting from scale-independent processes. Multifractals are spatially intertwined fractals which can be further grouped into two classes according to the characteristics of their fractal dimension spectra: continuous and discrete multifractals. The concept of multifractals emphasizes spatial associations between fractals and fractal spectra. Distinguishing discrete multifractals from continuous multifractals makes it possible to describe discrete physical processes from a multifractal point of view. It is shown that multiplicative cascade processes can generate continuous multifractals and that Markov processes result in discrete multifractals. The latter result provides not only theoretical evidence for existence of discrete multifractals but also a fundamental model illustrating the general properties of discrete multifractals. Classical prefractal examples are used to show how asymmetrical Markov process can be applied to generate prefractal sets and discrete multifractals. The discrete multifractal model based on Markov processes was applied to a dataset of gold deposits in the Great Basin, Nevada, USA. The gold deposits were regarded as discrete multifractals consisting of three spatially interrelated point sets (small, medium, and large deposits) yielding fractal dimensions of 0.541 for the small deposits (<25 tons Au), 0.296 for the medium deposits (25--500 tons Au), and 0.09 for the large deposits (>500 tons Au), respectively.     

流域不同地质生态环境中水体碳酸酐酶活性特征——以桂江流域为例

在对桂江流域进行考察时,选取了流域地质类型不同、人类活动程度不一的6条支流以及干流的水体为研究对象,研究比较了流域不同生态环境下水体中的碳酸酐酶(CA)活性、游离CO2浓度和HCO3-浓度,并对比了流域内部分区域的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,获得如下结果:(1)证实水体中具有CA活性,且其活性与游离CO2浓度呈负相关,与HCO3-浓度呈正相关;(2)大量的人类活动加剧流域生态环境恶化,造成植被覆盖率降低,使河流水体中的CA活性降低,HCO3-浓度降低,表明CA对岩溶作用具有不可忽视的影响;(3)流域地质类型会影响水体中CA活性,在人类活动程度相似的情况下,岩溶区水体中的CA活性高于非岩溶区。总之,在进行流域碳汇潜力调查研究时,必须综合考虑人类活动、生态环境和地质类型等因素的影响,进行科学分段调查研究与计算。CA所引起的生物岩溶作用不容忽视,其对流域碳汇的潜在贡献值得深入研究。