Deblurring of GLORIA side-scan sonar images

In side-scan sonars such as GLORIA, along-track resolution is usually much worse than across-track resolution. This paper shows how along-track resolution may be improved by the application of an image restoration (deblurring) technique known as the Jansson-van Cittert method. Employing a model of the image formation process, this involves iterated convolution of the estimated deblurred image radiances with the theoretical alongtrack point spread function. The method and its implementation for GLORIA images are described. Smoothing of high frequency noise prior to restoration has been found to lead to an improved end-product. The restored images exhibit sharper edges and a greater clarity much appreciated by the interpreter. This visual impression is borne out by quantitative measurement. The technique is shown to be a useful adjunct to the battery of digital preprocessing techniques which can be applied to the sonar image prior to the information extraction stage.     

一种提高含边界扫描器件电路板在线测试速度的新方法

在包含有边界扫描器件的电路板在线测试 (In Circuit Test,ICT)中 ,采用边界扫描技术可以简化高密度集成电路的测试矢量生成。但如何在 ICT中减少边界扫描测试矢量从而提高测试速度 ,是 1个重要问题。本文结合 1个实例 ,讨论在 ICT中 ,采用伪穷举法与 Delta Scan法相结合 ,在保证原错误覆盖率不变的情况下减少测试矢量数 ,增加测试速度的方法。     

现代长江口水下底坡上的微地貌类型及分区

旁侧扫描声纳记录真实地揭示出现代长江口水下底坡上发育的微地貌形态。指出微地貌的形态特征及其分布规律与长江泥沙的传输分布、长江口区海域的水动力机制密切相关。     

Geometric corrections on sidescan sonar images based on bathymetry. Application with SeaMARC II and Sea Beam data

Acoustic backscatter images of the seafloor obtained with sidescan sonar systems are displayed most often using a flat bottom assumption. Whenever this assumption is not valid, pixels are mapped incorrectly in the image frame, yielding distorted representations of the seafloor. Here, such distortions are corrected by using an appropriate representation of the relief, as measured by the sonar that collected the acoustic backscatter information. In addition, all spatial filtering operations required in the pixel relocation process take the sonar geometry into account. Examples of the process are provided by data collected in the Northeastern Pacific over Fieberling Guyot with the SeaMARC II bathymetric sidescan sonar system and the Sea Beam multibeam echo-sounder. The nearly complete (90%) Sea Beam bathymetry coverage of the Guyot serves as a reference to quantify the distortions found in the backscatter images and to evaluate the accuracy of the corrections performed with SeaMARC II bathymetry. As a byproduct, the processed SeaMARC II bathymetry and the Sea Beam bathymetry adapted to the SeaMARC II sonar geometry exhibit a 35m mean-square difference over the entire area surveyed.On leave at the Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7420, Washington D.C. 20375-5350.     

Processing Multibeam Backscatter Data

A new highly precise source of data has recently become available using multibeam sonar systems in hydrography. Multibeam sonar systems can provide hydrographic quality depth data as well as high-resolution seafloor sonar images. We utilize the seafloor backscatter strength data of each beam from multibeam sonar and the automatic classification technology so that we can get the seafloor type identification maps. In this article, analyzing all kinds of error effects in backscatter strength, data are based on the relationship between backscatter strength and seafloor types. We emphasize particularly analyzing the influences of local bottom slope and near nadir reflection in backscatter strength data. We also give the correction algorithms and results of these two influent factors. After processing the raw backscatter strength data and correcting error effects, we can get processed backscatter strength data which reflect the features of seafloor types only. Applying the processed backscatter strength data and mosaicked seafloor sonar images, we engage in seafloor classification and geomorphy interpretation in future research.     

Progressive deformation of an evaporite-bearing accretionary complex: SeaMARC I,SeaBeam and piston-core observations from the Mediterranean Ridge

The Mediterranean Ridge is an arcuate ridge of deformed sediment caught up in the convergent plate margin between the African plate and the Aegean. An intensive campaign of SeaMARC I and SeaBeam surveys followed by piston coring has been conducted along the contact between undeformed turbidites of the Sirte Abyssal Plain and folded and faulted sediments of the Mediterranean Ridge. Along the outer edge of the Ridge, surficial sediments have been deformed into sinusoidal ridges and troughs (wavelengths 0.5–2 km, amplitude 20–150 m), which we interpret as folds. In plan view, the ridge and the trough fabric parallels the NW-SE trending regional contours, suggesting that the folds formed in response to compression orthogonal to the Mediterranean Ridge. The outermost ridge is shedding a debris apron out onto the abyssal plain, implying that uplift and deformation are ongoing. We show that the geometry of the outermost folds can be produced by elastic bending of a packet of 5–10 relatively strong layers, each 10–20 m thick, interbedded between weaker layers; we equate the strong layers with gypsum beds in the Messinian upper evaporites. Folding the seafloor from a flat layer into the observed ridge and trough topography would shorten the layer by less than 2%. Two percent shortening (equals two percent thickening) is insufficient to create the observed relief of the Mediterranean Ridge even if the entire sediment column down to basement were involved; we infer that additional shortening/thickening is accommodated by thrust faulting above a decollement at the top of the Messinian salt layer. At distances > 15 km from the deformation front and more than 500 m from the abyssal plain, sharp-edged, fine-grained side-scan lineations with very little vertical relief cut across the kilometer-scale ridge and trough topography. These fine-grained lineations fall in two groups trending N/S to NNE/SSW and ~ENE. We interpret these lineaments as traces of conjugate strike-slip faults formed in the same compressional regime which formed the NW/SE trending folds. The onset of strike-slip faulting may coincide with the cessation of imbricate thrust fan development above the initial salt-controlled decollement surface. The following characteristics of the Mediterranean Ridge are attributed to the presence of evaporites in the incoming sedimentary section: (1) initial deformation by folding rather than thrust faulting; (2) narrow taper; (3) rapid rate of outward growth; (4) karstification.     

基于径向功率谱的风廓线雷达错误风数据处理

选取上海市世博园区站、金山站和嘉定F1赛车场站3个风廓线雷达站2012年3月7日凌晨一次降水过程生成的错误水平风场数据,通过对比该时段高、低模式扫描实时径向功率谱数据,指出在降水初期风廓线雷达软件质量控制出现错误的原因,并重新识别错误时段的功率谱,反演水平风场数据。分析表明:在降水初期由于风廓线雷达各波束探测的数据在空间上不一致,易导致雷达软件采用的质量控制算法并不能全部识别和消除降水对数据的干扰,从而出现偏差。基于风廓线雷达高时空分辨率径向功率谱数据的分析处理方法可有效验证雷达软件质量控制算法,且经过该方法反演后的水平风场更为合理。