Interdependency between seismic acceleration parameters and the behaviour of structures

The first part of this article describes some strong motion acceleration parameters of seismic excitations. Furthermore, a classification of the ground motions at a site according to their damage potential is presented. The second part deals with a nonlinear dynamic analysis of a six storey reinforced concrete plane frame. Damage indicators in the form of cross sectional ductility demand are evaluated and correlated with the strong motion characteristics. The aim is to extract among the several seismic parameters, those which have drastic affection on the damage indicators of the structures. The attention is focused on earthquake acceleration time histories, recorded in Greece, Central and North America, which are well-known sites with strong seismic activity.     

Turbulent entrainment at an inversion

Three separate conditions controlling the structure of the inversion are discussed. The rate of change of boundary layer temperature and the vertical gradient of potential temperature in the overlying air set the maximum limit to possible rise rates. In transient conditions, the rise of the inversion layer is sometimes dominated by turbulent transport and erosion, however this cannot continue indefinitely. The horizontal advection above the inversion can also change the relative temperature increase at the inversion, and so may partly determine inversion history.In this paper the theory of the plume-connective boundary layer has been extended to allow the plumes to erode material from the overlying stable air, and so permit study of how the boundary layer could deepen by eroding upward into the capping inversion. Only clear-air processes without condensation are included in the model described here.When the mechanism of convection is examined, it is demonstrated that, because of energetic considerations, the rate of erosion, by buoyancy generated turbulence of the overlying air down across the inversion, will not usually determine the rate of rise of the inversion, except briefly. Other effects often dominate in determining the average erosion rate. Furthermore, because of the limitations set by the buoyancy of the entrained air, sharp inversions, exceeding about 1°C, cannot be formed without the action of latent heat from evaporating droplets. An intermediate buffer layer forms in the inversion zone whenever the erosion rate is high enough to produce a temperature increase above the boundary layer, sufficient to inhibit direct entrainment.     

平差参数的岭估计和压缩估计

当法方程的系数矩阵呈病态时,平差参数的统计性质就要变坏。为改善最小二乘估计,本文介绍岭估计和压缩估计,在一定条件下,岭估计和压缩估计的均方误差要小于最小二乘估计的均方误差。本文提出了各种求岭系数和压缩系数的方法,并对它们的使用提出了一些意见。     

3701铀矿床物、化探资料评价参数的研究

根据物化探方法(伽玛、伽玛能谱、径迹、~(210)Po、铀量及Pb、Cu、Mn的光谱分析)的测量结果与已知铀矿床在地表水平投影的重叠面积的对比,通过统计和分析,推导出衡量上述方法找矿效果的评价指标,提出了在该地区以评价参数R为主全面衡量各种测量方法的有效性的看法。并对矿床外围未知地段的找矿远景进行了预测。     

三组透镜组成的望远镜物镜系统

本文讨论了望远镜采用正或负透镜调焦的准距条件公式,得出它们可以用同一公式表达,并得出伪准距点与主物镜前焦点是焦距为(2e-L),且位于主物镜处的虚拟透镜的共轭点。由此说明了两组透镜组成的望远镜物镜系统后组到分划板的距离一般不够安放补偿器。 文中指出了三组透镜组成的望远镜物镜系统可以解决上述困难,并给出了全部参数的解算方法、程序和算例。这有助于我国目前自动安平水准仪的更新换代。     

卫星网与地面网联合平差的理论和应用

卫星网与地面网联合平差的研究主要包括:(1)卫星系统与地面系统之间的转换模型;(2)联合平差的实施方案;(3)联合平差的误差分析;(4)联合平差程序的研制和实际应用。 近几年来,国内外一些学者对联合平差的理论和方法进行了广泛的研究,我们也对上述问题作了较系统的探讨,对有些问题的研究已在[1]～[4]中论述过,本文仅对上述问题作必要的补充和综合,从而进一步说明联合平差的有关理论问题和实用意义。     

地球表面积的计算

严格地说,地球是一个三轴椭球体。由k=2的近似计算公式,可以得到精确数字为8位的地球表面积数值。三轴椭球体表面积公式建立了地球三个半轴与地表面积之间的函数关系。对于已测得的三个半轴的任何微小变化,由微分近似计算公式可以得到相应的地表面积的变化。这就为研究地球形变和地壳运动之间的关系提供了一个数量化的有力工具。     

Stochastic analysis of estuarine hydraulics

A new methodology is presented for the solution of the stochastic hydraulic equations characterizing steady, one-dimensional estuarine flow. The methodology is predicated on quasi-linearization, perturbation methods, and the finite difference approximation of the stochastic differential operators. Assuming Manning's roughness coefficient is the principal source of uncertainty in the model, stochastic equations are presented for the water depths and flow rates in the estuarine system. Moment equations are developed for the mean and variance of the water depths. The moment equations are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The results confirm that for any spatial location in the estuary that (1) as the uncertainty in the channel roughness increases, the uncertainty in mean depth increases, and (2) the predicted mean depth will decrease with increasing uncertainty in Manning'sn. The quasi-analytical approach requires significantly less computer time than Monte Carlo simulations and provides explicit     

The two-component extreme value distribution for flood frequency analysis: Derivation of a new estimation method

The two component extreme value (TCEV) distribution has recently been shown to account for most of the characteristics of the real flood experience. A new method of parameter estimation for this distribution is derived using the principle of maximum entropy (POME). This method of parameter estimation is suitable for application in both the site-specific and regional cases and appears simpler than the maximum likelihood estimation method. Statistical properties of the regionalized estimation were evaluated using a Monte Carlo approach and compared with those of the maximum likelihood regional estimators.     

Least squares parameter estimation in chaotic differential equations

A recent least squares algorithm, which is designed to adapt implicit models to given sets of data, especially models given by differential equations or dynamical systems, is reviewed and used to fit the Hénon-Heiles differential equations to chaotic data sets.This numerical approach for estimating parameters in differential equation models, called theboundary value problem approach, is based on discretizing the differential equations like a boundary value problem,e.g. by a multiple shooting or collocation method, and solving the resulting constrained least squares problem with a structure exploiting generalized Gauss-Newton-Method (Bock, 1981).Dynamical systems like the Hénon-Heiles system which can have initial values and parameters that lead to positive Lyapunov exponents or phase space filling Poincaré maps give rise to chaotic time series. Various scenarios representing ideal and noisy data generated from the Hénon-Heiles system in the chaotic region are analyzedw.r.t. initial conditions, parameters and Lyapunov exponents. The original initial conditions and parameters are recovered with a given accuracy. The Lyapunov spectrum is then computed directly from the identified differential equations and compared to the spectrum of the true dynamics.presently at IWR, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany