绿藻水溶性多糖的研究概况和进展

对近年来绿藻多糖的提纯方法、组成结构及应用的研究进展进行了综述。绿藻多糖的提纯需要经过样品的前处理、提取和精制三个步骤,提取方法包括酸提、酶提、加入钙螯合剂提取、微波及超声波辅助提取。绿藻多糖是水溶性的硫酸化杂多糖。从石莼(Ulva)、浒苔(Enteromorpha)、礁膜(Monostroma)、小球藻(Chlorella)、蕨菜(Bracken)及刚毛藻(Bristles)中提取的多糖的化学组成及结构特征各不相同,而且多糖的化学组成和结构特征受提取方式的影响。绿藻多糖的生物相容性、生物可降解性及抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗炎、免疫调节等多种生物活性使其在食品、医药、化妆品及农业中具有广泛的应用。有关绿藻多糖的精确结构、提纯方法及化学修饰的进一步研究将使绿藻多糖的应用更加广泛。     

Copper Speciation in a Collection of Geochemical Reference Materials Using Sequential Extraction and Evaluation of the Validity Using XANES Spectroscopy

Copper speciation in a collection of Japanese geochemical reference materials (JSO‐1, JLk‐1, JSd‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4, JMs‐1 and JMs‐2) was achieved by sequential extraction and characterised using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy. In the first step of the extraction, referred to as the acid fraction, between 1% and 20% total Cu within the reference materials was extracted. Such a result is typically accounted for by absorption of Cu onto clay minerals. However, the presence of Cu sulfate (an oxidation product of chalcopyrite) was observed in some of the stream sediments affected by mining activity (JSd‐2 and JSd‐3) instead. Copper was extracted in the reducible fraction (targeting Fe hydroxide and Mn oxide) (2–49% total Cu). Between 2% and 51% Cu was extracted in the oxidised fraction (targeting sulfides and organic matter). X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy clarified that the reducible fraction consisted of Cu bound to Fe hydroxide, whereas the oxidised fraction was a mixture of Cu bound to humic acid (HA) and Cu sulfide. In the oxidisable fraction, chalcopyrite was the predominant species identified in JSd‐2, and Cu bound to HA was the major species identified in JSO‐1 (a soil sample).     

Porphyry Copper Deposit Prognosis in the Middle Region of the Bangonghu–Nujiang Metallogenic Belt,Tibet, Using ASTER Remote Sensing Data

The B angonghu–N ujiang metallogenic belt is considered to be T ibet’s third copper belt after the Y ulong and G angdese copper belts. The D uolong gold‐rich porphyry copper deposit, located in the western part of the B angonghu–N ujiang belt was recently recognized as a superlarge prospect. The A dvanced S paceborne T hermal E mission and R eflection R adiometer (ASTER ) was used to characterize the D uolong porphyry deposit alteration area, and three methods, color enhancement, band ratio transformation, and spectral angle mapping, were utilized to extract the phyllic and argillic alteration zones, which are typically considered the most important predictors of porphyry copper. Seven prospecting areas, which match mapped alteration zones, were delineated in the D uolong deposit. In addition, an ASTER image of the eastern region of the B angonghu–N ujiang belt in the X iongmei area was used to extract alteration information, and an area with image characteristics similar to the D uobuza and B olong ore deposits was identified as a prospecting area. Numerous malachite outcrops were identified in the field, and both laboratory analysis and isotopic dating confirmed that the deposit had formed concurrently with the D uobuza deposit (119 M a). Geologic mapping at the 1:5000 scale was conducted in the area, and three types of ore‐bearing rocks were identified, indicating that this area has significant potential to host ore deposits. The discovery of the X iongmei copper mining area is significant for the B angonghu–N ujiang belt.     

基于高分二号卫星数据的煤矿区地质灾害信息提取研究

随着遥感数据获取技术和能力的全面提高,遥感数据呈现出明显的大数据特征。发展适应于遥感大数据的智能分析和信息挖掘技术,成为当前遥感技术研究的前沿。高分二号（GF-2）卫星数据是我国首颗自主研发的亚米级高分辨率卫星数据,具有观测幅宽、重访周期短、高辐射精度、高定位精度等优势,为未来我国地质灾害的长期、动态地监测和研究提供了高精度、稳定可靠的数据源。本文选取安徽谢桥煤矿2015年1月8日的GF-2卫星影像为研究数据,在对煤矿区主要地质灾害遥感地学分析的基础上,采用面向对象的影像分析方法对研究区由采煤活动所诱发的地质灾害信息进行自动提取。结果表明：利用GF-2卫星数据能够有效地识别地质灾害体的位置、范围、形态等空间分布特征;面向对象的自动提取方法对于煤矿区大面积的积水塌陷盆地、小规模的塌陷坑和线性的地裂缝都有很高的提取精度,识别精度达90% 以上;基于逐层剔除的思路构建的提取规则,为GF-2数据在地质灾害调查和大数据分析中的应用提供了很好的技术支持,也为其它地物目标的提取提供了参考,但在特征的选择和阈值的设定上需要具体分析。     

基于面向对象分类的稀土开采区遥感信息提取方法研究

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国宝贵的矿产资源,运用遥感影像分类技术提取稀土开采区可以准确地实现对稀土开采状况的监测,但仅利用光谱信息往往难以保证分类精度。本文以江西寻乌稀土矿区为研究区,以IKONOS影像为数据源,应用面向对象分类方法提取了稀土开采区的遥感信息。针对稀土开采区的分布特点,选择基于边缘的分割算法进行影像分割;结合地形信息、光谱信息及几何信息建立规则集,进行特征提取;最后采用隶属度函数法实现面向对象分类,并与传统的光谱角填图分类进行对比分析。研究结果表明,面向对象分类法提取稀土开采区的总体精度为92.49%,Kappa系数为0.857 6,与传统监督分类方法相比有了很大的提高。     

云南个旧多金属矿石门坎—保和地区Sn、Sb元素的成矿信息识别与提取

石门坎—保和地区位于云南个旧多金属成矿区西南部,成矿背景复杂,成矿作用具有多期性和多样性。利用研究区1∶1万土壤化探数据,采用泛克里格法和因子分析相结合的方法,提取不同层次的成矿异常信息。结果表明:主因子F_3包含Mo-Au-Sb等元素,反映成矿过程中的岩体和热液相关信息;主因子F_4包含Sn-Bi-W元素,指示中低温热液矿化环境; Sb沿杨家田断裂呈串珠状分布,反映了由北东向构造控制的空间变化特征,与已知矿点对应良好; Sn元素异常在研究区北部呈双峰状环形分布,推测受隐伏岩体或者断层控制。根据元素组合异常F_3和F_4的分布规律,结合地质资料圈定出2个找矿靶区,为进一步找矿工作提供了方向。     

序贯高斯模拟在矿石品位估计中的应用研究

随机模拟是地质统计方法的重要内容。在矿石品位估计方法中克里格方法作为一种无偏估计方法,常被用于矿石品位的估计。但克里格法估值存在平滑效应。作者在分析序贯高斯模拟和普通克里格法基本原理的基础上,运用序贯高斯模拟方法和普通克里格方法对某铁矿体内全铁(TFe)品位进行估计,给出了品位估计结果模型。研究从勘探线方向、垂直勘探线方向和竖直方向分别计算变差函数,对球状模型、指数模型、高斯模型的变差函数拟合效果进行了优选,结果表明球型模型拟合效果最好。针对序贯模拟和克里格品位估值效果进行了分析,结果显示:序贯高斯模拟结果在品位分布形态上更接近样品品位分布形态,其平滑效应更小;克里格方法估计与序贯高斯模拟方法相比仅在品位均值方面更接近样本品位均值。因此,认为序贯高斯模拟方法可以更好地刻画矿体内品位分布状态。     

Novel fusion approach on automatic object extraction from spatial data: case study Worldview-2 and TOPO5000

The automatic extraction of information content from remotely sensed data is always challenging. We suggest a novel fusion approach to improve the extraction of this information from mono-satellite images. A Worldview-2 (WV-2) pan-sharpened image and a 1/5000-scaled topographic vector map (TOPO5000) were used as the sample data. Firstly, the buildings and roads were manually extracted from WV-2 to point out the maximum extractable information content. Subsequently, object-based automatic extractions were performed. After achieving two-dimensional results, a normalized digital surface model (nDSM) was generated from the underlying digital aerial photos of TOPO5000, and the automatic extraction was repeated by fusion with the nDSM to include individual object heights as an additional band for classification. The contribution was tested by precision, completeness and overall quality. Novel fusion technique increased the success of automatic extraction by 7% for the number of buildings and by 23% for the length of roads.     

煤矿井下碎软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔钻进工艺

碎软煤层在我国煤矿区分布广泛,具有瓦斯含量高、压力大、渗透率低等特征,在碎软煤层中钻进存在喷孔、塌孔、排渣不畅等问题,导致碎软煤层钻进困难、孔内事故频发,进而影响成孔深度和成孔率,造成瓦斯治理盲区;尤其是随着我国煤矿开采深度的增加,碎软煤层瓦斯抽采孔工作量和成孔难度不断增大。针对碎软煤层瓦斯抽采对钻孔施工需求,研究开发了高转速螺旋钻进工艺、中风压空气钻进工艺、气体定向钻进工艺等实用、经济的碎软煤层高效钻进技术,破解了碎软煤层钻孔排渣护孔、轨迹控制和高效成孔等方面难题,实现了碎软煤层钻孔在服役周期内的长效利用,相关技术在安徽、贵州、山西等地区成功推广应用,达到高效、精准抽采的目的,为矿井安全生产提供了技术保障。     

Who governs here? Informal resource extraction,state enforcement,and conflict in Ghana

Over the past two decades, “illegal” natural resource extraction has become a significant driver of environmental change and social conflict across the Global South. In response, numerous Sub-Saharan African states have engaged in governance reforms that heed calls to securitize – or, establish and consolidate state control over – natural resources. In Ghana, securitization has served to entrench the informal economy as domestic producers, marginalized in the process of reform, continue to utilize non-state institutions to maintain access. While the Ghanaian state has branded “illegal” resource extraction a major environmental, social, and national security concern, it has responded to this threat unevenly; it has violently enforced its authority in some contexts but remained relatively indifferent in others. This article explores the phenomenon of selective enforcement to explain patterns of violence that have emerged between state and society in response to both securitization and informality. Drawing on a multimethod approach, I find that natural resource governance authority remains fragmented across resource contexts, and that the configuration of authority and interests on the ground shapes the extent of state intervention. I propose a natural resource typology that identifies when the state is most likely to enforce its authority, and the degree of violent conflict likely to result. Ultimately, I contend that domestic patterns of enforcement are shaped primarily by: 1) competition with local power holders over resource entitlements and 2) global conservation and extraction priorities. While specific to Ghana, this argument can provide important insights into the relationship between informal extraction, state enforcement, and social conflict in other Global South contexts.