小五台山亚高山景观尺度水热条件与植被关系

以河北省小五台山为研究区,通过转化糖方法获取亚高山不同景观部位效应温度,结合DEM模型模拟研究区内太阳直接辐射以及土壤湿润度系数,进而构建生境干燥度指数。以此为基础,在景观尺度上定量分析研究区内亚高山带水热条件与森林和亚高山草甸植被分布格局的关系。结果表明,① 研究区域中森林分布地段生境的太阳直接辐射,效应温度和干燥度指数都显著低于草甸分布地段,土壤水分系数则恰恰相反;② 综合太阳直接辐射或效应温度与土壤湿润度系数的干燥度指数统计分析结果,优于分别以各个因子单独进行分析的结果;③ 在植被格局的形成中,干燥度起着至关重要的作用,这与在水平地带中,森林与草原植被的分布格局受干燥度控制的规律相一致。     

北方农牧交错带东段土地水蚀荒漠化监测——以扎鲁特旗为例

以20世纪80年代末和2000年TM影像作为信息源,经合成、增强、几何纠正、镶嵌和人机交互判读并结合野外调查提取土地水蚀荒漠化信息,建立土地水蚀荒漠化空间数据库,结果表明:研究区水蚀荒漠化率为10.64%,以轻度侵蚀为主。水蚀荒漠化空间分异明显,在北部中山区形成三个集中分布区。研究期内土地水蚀荒漠化动态为整体扩展,局部逆转,程度加强;中度、强烈和严重水蚀面积增加,轻度的减少;发生逆转的主要为轻度水蚀土地。人类不合理的经济和社会活动与脆弱的自然条件耦合是研究区土地水蚀荒漠化发生并扩展的全部原因。因此要从控制人口增长,调整不合理的土地利用方式和强度,加强生态环境管理入手,高度重视农牧交错带东段退化土地的综合防治,为区域可持续发展提供良好的生态环境。     

我国出口加工区的成长动因与主要类型

出口加工区是一种从事加工贸易特定封闭区域。随着对外开放的不断深入,我国出口加工区已进入到一个快速发展时期。文章分析了我国已有和在建的出口加工区的发展情况和成长动因,并结合不同的建设条件和运作特点,划分出了若干类型,探讨了今后一个时期的战略方向。     

Forest landscape patterns dynamics of Yihe-Luohe river basin

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999, six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin. These indices include patch number, mean patch area, fragment index, patch extension index, etc. The results showed that: (1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area. The fragment degree became very high. (2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes. The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999. The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, non-forest, shrub forest, sparse forest, and Quercus species forest increased rapidly, but that of economic forest became zero. The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted. (3) The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomorphic regions. From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area, the gross number and the density of patch, diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines, but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased. In hilly region, both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999, but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly. In mountain region, even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999, the patch number was increased greatly, the mean area of all patch types was reduced, the extension index, diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased. Furthermore, because of different types of land use, human activity and terrain, the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different. According to these analyses, the main driving forces, such as the policies of management, market economy, influence of human activities etc. are brought out.     

主体功能区情景下的土地系统变化模拟

主体功能区要求对国土实施相对严格的空间管制措施,以实现资源生态和社会经济发展的协调。选择黑龙江省哈大齐(哈尔滨-大庆-齐齐哈尔)地区为研究案例,以CLUE-S模型模拟了两种情景下的未来土地系统变化情况,结果表明,在不实施任何空间管制措施的情景下,耕地对草地的蚕食将延续,生态功能持续降低;而在主体功能区建设的情景下,居民地将大幅度扩展,且主要占用盐碱地,同时保持了耕地和生态用地的安全,在一定程度上可缓解土地利用冲突,优化土地利用结构和国土开发格局。     

内蒙古农牧交错带生态补偿效应分析

中国的生态补偿实施主要通过制度安排进行。在内蒙古农牧交错带,生态补偿主要通过两种模式进行,即对农牧户放弃土地使用和生产结构调整给予补偿。基于详尽的野外调查,本研究对农牧户经济受偿意愿进行了对比分析,并对两种生态补偿模式的效应进行了详细评价。结果表明,放弃土地使用的生态补偿模式缺乏创造就业机会的机制,因此不具有可持续性。与此相反,调整生产结构的补偿方式不但使农户从事农牧业的规模有了明显下降,而且有助于创造更多的就业机会。虽然这种模式会使农户面临很大的市场风险,但是它为解决区域生态系统恢复和社会经济发展之间的矛盾提供了一种有效方法。     

Spatial variability and non-linearity of strong ground motion near a fault

We present observations of ground accelerations recorded at a small array close to the fault during the Düzce earthquake and its early aftershocks. The records show the strong spatial variability of ground acceleration over distances of only a few hundred metres. During the main shock, the peak horizontal acceleration values ranged from 0.3 to about 1.0 g at stations distant of 1.5 km only. We attribute this spatial variability to a fault zone site effect as peak ground acceleration steadily increases as the distance to the fault trace decreases. The spectral ratio between the ground motion recorded near the fault and the one outside the fault zone shows a shift of the spectral peak to lower frequencies with increasing peak accelerations. Such an observation suggests a non-linear behaviour of the fault zone due to the strong ground shaking. As much as a 45 per cent reduction in the shear wave velocity is necessary for the observed shifts. The opening of pre-existing cracks throughout the fault zone is the proposed mechanism to account for the observed shear wave reductions. The observation that elastic fault zone properties are soon recovered following episodes of large strains shows that cracks and fissures close rapidly after the strong shaking is over.