陡倾层状斜向岩层视向溃屈机制力学分析——以陕西山阳滑坡为例

以陕西山阳滑坡为例,分析了陡倾层状斜向岩层岩质滑坡的视向滑动特征、滑移-溃屈破坏模式与机制。基于梁板理论、层状板裂结构岩体弯曲-溃屈破坏的力学模型在考虑自重、地下水静水压力作用及斜倾层状山体视向滑动侧向摩阻力作用的影响下,采用岩体结构力学分析的方法建立了相应的力学模型;经过力学分析,推导出基于斜坡自重、地下水静水压力与侧向摩阻力作用下的陡倾层状斜向岩层斜坡溃屈段长度条件方程。为验证条件方程的正确性,以山阳滑坡为例进行了验算,最后得出与实际调查较一致的结果,为防御陡倾层状斜向岩层斜坡产生视向溃屈破坏提供依据。      

An energy-controlling boundary condition for partial wave reflections in the mild slope equation

An energy-controlling technique to actively manage the reflective property of waves from solid boundary is presented. As linear waves propagate through an energy-controlling area, a reduction in wave heights occurs due to energy dissipation, which can be placed under direct control through the imaginary part of the wavenumber and phase velocity. Based on this relationship, the present study investigates a new method to control reflected waves with desired heights in the mild slope equation model. The method is validated through numerical tests for various reflection coefficients and the results confirm the promising use of energy-controlling boundary condition for partial wave reflections.     

FPSO软刚臂单点系泊系统定量风险分析

针对FPSO软刚臂单点系泊系统出现过的系泊腿失效及背向工况风险事件,以渤海某16万吨级FPSO为例,采用数值模拟的方法,计算FPSO及单点系统在百年一遇海况下的载荷效应,通过统计学方法拟合效应的概率分布,完成定量风险分析。对于系泊腿旋转失效后的风险,使用故障假设(what-if)方法,依据失效后果判断其风险权重。计算结果表明,系泊腿结构在正常情况下受拉失效的概率很小;系泊腿纵摆失效后导致的结果比横摆失效更为严重,风险权重更大。背向工况下,船艏与YOKE的间距要明显小于顺向工况,在设计时增大二者间距可有效减小碰撞风险。     

Population structure of the sicklefin lemon shark Negaprion acutidens within the Curieuse Marine National Park,Seychelles

This study produced the first data on population parameters for sicklefin lemon shark Negaprion acutidens at the granitic Seychelles Islands, adding to a limited catalogue of species information. Juveniles at a site in the Curieuse Marine National Park were tagged over two periods, in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, with measurements of length (precaudal, fork and total) and weight, sex, and state of the umbilical opening recorded. Recapture data were used to calculate growth rates and population size. Mean annual growth rate was 5.40 cm y^–1. A mean size at birth of 62.5 cm TL is in line with previous assessments of the species. Population-size estimates were similar for the two sampling periods (comprising 311 and 255 individuals) and higher than anticipated. Movements to outside the lagoon were recorded for early ages, and this, combined with weight loss and a reduction in condition factor as displayed in several individuals, suggests that the study area alone could not support the large number of sharks pupped yearly.     

辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组古近系页岩气成藏地质条件研究

在辽河盆地各构造单元中以西部凹陷湖泊沉积持续时间最长,是研究辽河盆地沙河街组页岩气成藏的良好地区.本次在大量的资料收集、整理和分析的基础上,对辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组页岩气成藏地质条件进行初步分析,结果表明：本区的暗色泥岩主要发育在半深湖-深湖环境中,暗色泥岩具有厚度大、连续性强、分布广的特点.有机质丰度较高,TOC平均值在2.18%左右.干酪根类型以II型为主,偏向产气.有机质成熟度基本大于0.59%,表明泥页岩已基本进入大量排烃阶段.脆性矿物总量达到43.1%~61.5%,有利于页岩气开采.在页岩气成藏的地质因素分析基础上,综合研究认为,清水洼陷是沙河街组页岩气富集的有利区域.     

中国北方中新生代盆地深部砂岩铀矿成矿条件与找矿方向

受开采技术、成本和成矿理论制约,现有的砂岩型铀矿勘查主要选择在盆地边缘700m以浅的地区,对盆地深部的铀矿找矿潜力研究较少。总结中国北方重要中新生代盆地的含铀岩系、构造特征,结合近年开展的北方砂岩型铀矿深部找矿,分析了盆地深部成矿有利的沉积建造、构造与流体改造、还原条件等,指明了盆地的深部找矿潜力。同时指出,作为战略储备,当前盆地深部寻找砂岩型铀矿要优先重视2个方向:(1)在盆地边缘斜坡区,重点以发育红-黑岩系结构的含铀地层为目标,寻找与浅部成矿条件相似的深部矿床;(2)在盆地中心区,以含铀的红色岩系为重点,优先寻找延伸至盆地深部的正向构造区和砂体发育区。这些认识在松辽盆地的铀矿调查中得到验证。     

求解弹性波方程的辛RKN格式

将弹性波方程变换至Hamilton体系,构造适用于弹性波模拟的高效显式二阶辛Runge-Kutta-Nystrm(RKN)格式,运用根数理论得到此格式的阶条件方程组.通过给定系数的限定条件,得到方程的对称解.为了使时间离散误差达到极小,提出数值频率与真实频率比较,通过Taylor展开,得到关于辛系数的限定方程,求解方程组得到最小频散辛RKN格式.对比分析时间演进方程的稳定性,得到使库朗数达到极大值的限定方程,求解方程组得到最稳定辛RKN格式.发现此两种格式为同一格式.新得到的辛RKN格式不依赖于空间离散方法,为了对比的需要,选取有限差分法进行空间离散.在频散、稳定性分析中,与常见辛格式对比,从理论上分析了本文提出的格式在数值频散压制、稳定性提升等方面的优势,数值实验进一步证实了理论分析的正确性.     

Determining useful benchmarks for the bioassessment of highly disturbed areas based on diatoms

Modern ecological assessments of running waters are based on the a priori definition of ecological benchmarks, given by reference-quality sites. Such benchmarks are established at the level of ecoregions, typologies, or site. Yet, in highly disturbed regions, such as coastal areas of European countries, the assessment of streams’ water quality based on the reference condition concept is very difficult, due to the lack of undisturbed sites. Among others, the reduced number of reference sites may have as a consequence the definition of imprecise ecological benchmarks. Here we tested the hypotheses that (1) the increase in the number of potential reference sites (2) the definition of more precise abiotic thresholds using the least disturbed condition approach (LDC), and (3) the use of diatom assemblages, as the most ubiquitous element in lowland areas, would result in refinement and eventual sub-division of existing river types of a highly disturbed area, such as the Portuguese centre-western region. For this purpose, abiotic data characterising natural conditions of 55 sites from a littoral highly disturbed region were used in a hierarchical classification analysis that revealed the existence of three different sub-groups. In addition, a three-step approach was used to define thresholds for the pressure variables in LDC. Based on these new thresholds, sites in LDC were selected. A hierarchical classification performed to the LDC diatom spring assemblages revealed the existence of two sub-groups, concordant with two of the abiotic sub-groups. Several species contributed to the dissimilarity between the two sub-groups (e.g., Achnanthidium minutissimum and Karayevia oblongella). Differences between the sub-groups were also found in the trait proportions of stalked species. New benchmark values for these two sub-groups, based on the scores of the official diatom index, the Indice de Polluosensibilité Spécifique (IPS), were different from the previous reference value used. Yet, no biological benchmark values were established for one of the groups due to the absence of sites in the LDC. Our study suggests that streambed substrate is an important characterisation variable in the river type definition and highlights that, in spite of the potential refinement in reference conditions and typology obtained, an alternative approach that does not require the use of reference sites should be explored in the future.     

南海南、北大陆边缘盆地烃源岩热演化差异及成因分析

对横跨南海南、北共轭大陆边缘的两条骨干剖面所经过的沉积盆地烃源岩热演化进行模拟,分析了南、北陆缘盆地烃源岩热演化差异。结果表明,南海南部陆缘盆地生烃门限整体比北部陆缘盆地的生烃门限浅,南部陆缘盆地生烃门限整体在2 200~2 300 m之间,中新统烃源岩基本已进入生烃门限;北部陆缘盆地生烃门限整体位于2 500~2 600 m之间,渐新统及其以下烃源岩进入生烃门限。南海南、北陆缘盆地生烃门限的规律性与南海现今热流分布南高北低、西高东低的整体趋势相对应,高热流有利于烃源岩的成熟与生烃,因此热流值高的区域对应生烃门限较浅。造成南、北陆缘主力烃源岩的热演化程度差异的主要原因可能是由南海扩张及古南海俯冲引起的地温场变化所引起。     

Sublethal effects of a chlorinated and heated effluent on the physiology of the mussel,Mytilus edulis L.: A reduction in fitness for survival?

Coastal power stations entrain large volumes of cooling water, requiring biocidal treatment to prevent biological fouling. Discharged effluent is both heated and contaminated with residual traces of biocide and so it is necessary to quantify the impacts of this discharge. Cooling water from Heysham 2 nuclear power station, NW England, UK, is discharged to the intertidal area, via a culvert (to minimise erosion and maximise dilution and dispersion by directing the effluent into the receiving water at all states of the tide) within which the effluent is contained at low water. The culvert and surrounding coastal area support a population of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mussel health was determined along a gradient of exposure, using three physiological indices: Scope for Growth, Gonad Mantle Index and Somatic Condition Index (K Factor). The Mussels within the culvert exhibited reduced physiological index values compared to an external site. A trend was identified down the length of the culvert, representing a gradient of exposure and indicating a potential negative effect on growth and reproductive output.